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BIO 160 > 28. Protists > Flashcards

28. Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

Key concepts

A

28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms
28.2 Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
28.3 SAR is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities
28.4 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of plants
28.5 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
28.6 Protists play key roles in ecological communities

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2
Q

protists

A

an informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular

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3
Q

mixotroph

A

an organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy

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4
Q

endosymbiosis

A

a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism

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5
Q

algae

A

a general term for any species of photosynthesis protist, including both unicellular and multicellular forms. Algal species are included in three eukaryote supergroups (Excavata, SAR and Archaeplastida)

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6
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell.

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7
Q

Supergroups of eukaryotes

A
  • Excavata
  • SAR
  • Archaeplastida
    -Unikonta
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8
Q

Excavata

A
  • have unique cytoskeletal features
  • some species have an excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell body
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9
Q

diplomonad

A

a protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal- sized nuclei and multiple flagella

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10
Q

parabasilid

A

a protist such as trichomonad, with modified mitochondria

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11
Q

euglenozoan

A

a member of a diverse clade of flagellated protists that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites

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12
Q

kinetoplastid

A

a protist such as a trypanosome, that has a single large mitochondrion that houses and organized mass of DNA

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13
Q

euglenid

A

a protist such as a euglena or its relatives characterized by an anterior pocket from which one or two flagella emerge

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14
Q

SAR

A
  • contains a large, extremely diverse collection of protists from three major subgroups: stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizarians
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15
Q

stramenopiles

A

one of three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis and includes diatoms and brown algae

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16
Q

diatoms

A

photosynthetic protist in the stramenopile clade; diatoms have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix

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17
Q

brown alga

A

a multicellular, photosynthetic protist with a characteristic brown or olive color that results from carotenoids in its plastids. Most brown algae are marine and some have a plantlike body

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18
Q

holdfast

A

a rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed

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19
Q

stipe

A

a stemlike structure of a seaweed

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20
Q

blade

A
  • a leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis
  • the flattened portion of a typical leaf
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21
Q

alternation of generations

A

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae

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22
Q

heteromorphic

A

referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology

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23
Q

isomorphic

A

referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number

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24
Q

alveolates

A

one of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis, and its members have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) located just under the plasma membrane

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25
Q

dinoflagellate

A

a member of a group of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell

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26
Q

apicomplexan

A

a group of alveolate protists, this clade includes many species that parasitize animals. Some apicomplexans cause human disease

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27
Q

ciliates

A

a type of protist that moves by means of cilia

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28
Q

conjugation

A
  • in prokaryotes the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are members of different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer
  • in ciliates, a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce
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29
Q

rhizarians

A

one of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. Many species in this clade are amoebas characterized by threadlike pseudopodia

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30
Q

amoeba

A

a protist characterized by the presence of pseudopodia

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31
Q

pseudopodium

A

cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

32
Q

radiolarian

A

a protist usually marine with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body

33
Q

foraminiferan

A

and aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell

34
Q

test

A

in foram protists a porous shell that consists of a single piece of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate

35
Q

cercozoan

A

an amoeboid or flagellated protist that feeds with threadlike pseudopodia

36
Q

archaeplastida

A
  • one of the supergroups
  • a monophyletic group which includes red algae, green algae and plants descended from an ancient protistan ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium
37
Q

red alga

A

photosynthetic protist named for its color which results from a red pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll. Most red algae are multicellular and marine

38
Q

green alga

A

a photosynthetic protist named for green chloroplasts that are similar in structure and pigment composition to the chloroplasts of plants. Green algae are a paraphyletic group; some members are more closely related to plants than they are to other green algae

39
Q

unikonta

A
  • one of the four supergroups
  • consists amoebozoans and opisthokonts
40
Q

amoebozoan

A
  • a protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia
41
Q

opisthokont

A

a member of an extremely diverse clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi, animals, and several closely related groups of protists

42
Q

producers

A

an organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals

43
Q

consumers

A

an organism that feeds on producers other consumers or nonliving organic material

44
Q

Concept 28.1 Summary

A

-Domain Eukarya includes many groups of protists, along with plants, animals, and fungi. Unlike prokaryotes, protists and other eukaryotes have a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles, as well as a cytoskeleton that enables them to have asymmetric forms and to change shape as they feed, move, or grow.
-Protists are structurally and functionally diverse and have a wide variety of life cycles. Most are unicellular. Protists include photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs.
-Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes originated by endosymbiosis when an archaeal host (or a host closely related to the archaea) engulfed an alpha proteobacterium that would evolve into an organelle found in all eukaryotes, the mitochondrion.
-Plastids are thought to be descendants of cyanobacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells. The plastid-bearing lineage eventually evolved into red algae and green algae. Other protist groups evolved from secondary endosymbiotic events in which red algae or green algae were themselves engulfed.
-In one hypothesis, eukaryotes are grouped into four supergroups: Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta.

45
Q

Concept 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5, summary

A

page 617

46
Q

What do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and a ciliate have in common?

A

All three have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membranes.

47
Q

Which example below is a characteristic shared by diplomonads and parabasalids?

A

Both lack plastids.

48
Q

All of the following are genera of protists that parasitize humans EXCEPT:

A

Chlamydomonas

49
Q

Which of these groups includes photosynthetic unicellular organisms with flagella and contractile vacuoles?

A

Euglenids

50
Q

The term mixotroph indicates that a protist __________.

A

combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

51
Q

Protists are best described as which of the following?

A

Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

52
Q

Organisms are classified as Excavata based on __________.

A

morphological studies of the cytoskeleton

53
Q

Which protist group is thought to be most closely related to animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

54
Q

Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant?

A

Diatoms

55
Q

Which of the following is not a cellular organelle possessed by a protist?

A

Sporozoite

56
Q

Which protists were once categorized as fungi due to their multinucleate filaments that resemble hyphae?

A

Oomycetes

57
Q

The holdfast of brown algae functions in

A

anchoring the algae

58
Q

Which of these groups includes species that produce a substance that is toxic to humans?

A

Dinoflagellates

59
Q

Molecular data suggest that plastids originated as __________ engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote.

A

cyanobacteria

60
Q

Parasites of the genus Trypanosoma evade immune responses through what defense?

A

Frequently changing their surface proteins

61
Q

What is one way in which a cellular slime mold differs from a plasmodial slime mold?

A

A cellular slime mold is multicellular.

62
Q

Which of these groups is characterized by cells that have more than one nucleus?

A

Ciliates

63
Q

Which of the following is not a structure used for locomotion in protists?

A

Cilia

Flagella

Pseudopodia

Undulating membrane

64
Q

Which of the following does not take place during the process of conjugation?

A

Reproduction

65
Q

Why have protists been “mixed in” with plants, animals, and fungi under the hypothesis that groups eukaryotes into five supergroups?

A

Many protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to each other and recent evidence makes it clear that the former kingdom Protista was paraphyletic.

66
Q

Which of the following is one of the main weaknesses of the proposed classification scheme in which all eukaryotes are divided into five supergroups?

A

It shows all five supergroups diverging simultaneously from a common ancestor.

67
Q

Green algae are divided into two main groups, the charophytes and the __________.

A

chlorophytes

68
Q

Apicomplexans are currently assigned to the chromalveolates because

A

the apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin

69
Q

Which of these groups includes parasitic unicellular organisms with a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues?

A

Apicomplexans

70
Q

Although

A

engulfed a photosynthetic red alga in a secondary endosymbiosis event

71
Q

_________ is a protist that causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 19th century.

A

Phytophthora infestans

72
Q

Which of the following is the best description of protists’ contribution to photosynthesis?

A

About 30% of the world’s photosynthesis is performed by protists.

73
Q

The term algae refers to _

A

several diverse groups of photosynthetic protists

74
Q

Which organisms are capable of producing a “red tide”?

A

Dinoflagellates

75
Q

Which of the following is not a group included in the protists?

A

Ciliates

Brown algae

Diatoms

Forams

BIO 160 (4 decks)

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