271_2 - Sheet1 (1) Flashcards
1972 McGovern campaign
George McGovern was senator from South Dakota, running antiwar campaign against incumbent Richard Nixon who won over 60% of the vote. His original running mate was Senator Eagleton who resigned days after being nominated as VP due to a past history of depression. After the election, Nixon would resign due to the Watergate scandal. McGovern’s campaign was the first to highlight the emerging democratic majority, drawing women and minorities.
adversarial legalism
Robert Kagan’s thesis, noted in Ewing’s Prods and Pleas, that the US increasingly has policy reform done through the courts in an adversarial (rather than bureaucratic) manner. This trend has high transaction costs and perhaps reflects Congress’s status as the “broken branch” of American government.
Adversarial legalism
term coined by Robert Kagan, liberal columnist and historian, to define the American system of policy implementation and dispute resolution that relies more heavily on legal threats and lawsuits. Kagan argues that America’s legal system involves more detailed regulation and punitive powers in comparison to other developed countries, mainly in contrast to the EU.
Affordable Care Act
The law (along with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010) is the principal health care reform legislation of the 111th United States Congress. PPACA requires individuals not covered by employer- or government-sponsored insurance plans to maintain minimal essential health insurance coverage or pay a penalty unless exempted for religious beliefs or financial hardship, a provision commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. The Act also reforms certain aspects of the private health insurance industry and public health insurance programs, increases insurance coverage of pre-existing conditions, expands access to insurance to 30 million American and increases projected national medical spending while lowering projected Medicare spending.
AFSCME
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. One of the largest labor unions in the U.S., and quite powerful. Part of the AFL-CIO, another major labor union conglomerate. AFSCME organizes for social and economic rights of their protectorates in the workplace and through political action and legislative advocacy.
It is divided into more than 3,500 local unions. AFSCME was founded in 1932 but grew rapidly in the 1960s under president Jerry Wurf. Wurf and the union were a key part of the Memphis sanitation strike of 1968, in which workers petitioned for better working conditions and the right to join the union. Wurf and MLK worked together on the strike.
AFSCME- American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees -
Founded in 1932 as the Wisconsin State Administrative, Clerical, Fiscal and Technical Employees Association , it is one of the largest labour unions in the United States.
American Electric Power Company v. Connecticut:
2011 Supreme Court Case. Ruled that the EPA and equivalent agencies at state and local level are responsible for overseeing and enforcing greenhouse gas emissions, and that it was not the role of the court to decide climate change regulations because they are not under federal common law. EPA regulations are designed to implement Congressionally-decided legislation, and that legislation displaces any federal common law right for states to seek reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Ultimately, it is the EPA that has the power to issue regulations.
american electric power versus Connecticut
This is a US Supreme Court case about whether states can seek to curtail GHG emissions from utilities across state borders using federal common law theories of nuisance. The ultimate issue though is whether climate change regulations and related issues can be decided through the court system while the EPA is finalizing regulations that the Court previously held the EPA must issue.
Arne Duncan
The Secretary of Education under Obama. A former superintendent of Chicago schools, Duncan is known as a “reformer,” supporting policies like teacher evaluations and charter schools.He is a principal figure behind Race to the Top.
Arne Duncan-
former CEO of Chicago Public Schools, Secretary of Education, proponent of Race to the Top, supported by DFER
Assembly Bill 32- Global Warming Solution Act of 2006
limit emissions to about 70% of 1990 levels by 2020 in California.
Assembly Bill No. 1493
2002 bill of California General Assembly that created first set of Pavley Standards. Requires CARB to promulgate GHG emission standards for motor vehicles.
astroturf
Astroturfing is when an organization or movement appears to be “grassroots” but is actually organized from the top-down or backed by major commercial financiers. An example would be some elements of the Tea Party who ended up being backed by the Koch brothers. They may attempt to manipulate public opinion by trying to appear as the “common people”, but they often represent interests of a select few.
Astroturf
refers to “phony” political/ social movements that appear to arise from grassroots. Example: Occupy Wall Street was an idea launched by Canadian magazine called Adbusters. Both Occupy and the Tea Party movements have been criticized as “astroturf.”
BACT
California attempted to regulate GHG emissions from stationary sources by the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) permitting program. Under PSD, regulated NRS pollutants must be limited according to the “best available control technology.” (BACT) The Sierra Club sued to have this include CO2, while the “Johnson Memorandum” from the EPA asserted that CO2 did not count.
BACT
Best Available Control Technologies. Pollution control standard mandated by U.S. Clean Air Act. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines what air pollution control technology will be used to control specific pollutants to specified set levels. BACT is the current EPA standard for all pollution.
Behavioral failures
Loss aversion, myopia (failure to look forwart), inertia, procrastination (ex, retirement planning), regret
Brown v Board of Education
Landmark 1954 Supreme Court Case that declared state laws establishing public school segregation unconstitutional. Overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case that allowed state-sponsored segregation. Public school segregation was declared in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This monumental case further fueled the brewing civil rights movement.
Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
This landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision found that segregation of schools was unconstitutional (revoking Plessy vs. Fergusen’s separate but equal). The Warren Court’s unanimous decision said that separate education facilities are inherently unequal. The ruling paved the way for integration and civil rights. Implementation was not always easy: in 1957, the Arkansas National Guard blocked black students’ (Little Rock Nine) entry to Little Rock Central High School, forcing President Dwight Eisenhower to call for federal troops. In terms of American Public Policy, while this judicial decision led to significant civil rights, there still are many problems plaguing the Black community, even in terms of education.
Buckley v Valeo
Buckley v. Valeo is a 1976 Supreme Court decision about the constitutionality of the federal campaign finance law, the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act. It upheld certain parts of the law, such as its limits on individual contributions to campaigns, but struck down others, such as its limits on expenditures by independent groups and by from candidates’ personal funds.
Buckley v. Valeo
(1976), Case in the supreme court where the federal law which limits campaign contributions was upheld. However, it was also ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech, and portions of the law were struck down. The court also ruled candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns.
CAA- Clean Air Act (1963)
Requires the EPA to develop and enforce regulations that protect the public from exposure to airborne contaminants.
CAFE standards
This stands for “Corporate Average Fuel Economy” standards. In “Who Killed the Electric Car,” filmmakers say that while these standards were enormously influential in pushing greener American auto manufacturing in the past, in recent years they have stagnated. (They were enacted in 1975 and consistently rose until 1985, at which point they remained until 2010.) In 2009, Obama proposed new, stricter standards to come into effect in 2011.
CAFE standards
Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards - regulations intended to improve the fuel economy of cars and light vehicles in the US in the aftermath of the 1973 Arab oil embargo.