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Biology > 27. The Senses > Flashcards

27. The Senses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

raw sensory input that reaches the central nervous system

A

Sensation

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2
Q

the brain’s interpretation of a sensation

A

Perception

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3
Q

cell that detects stimulus information

A

Sensory receptor

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4
Q

sensory receptor sensitive to physical deflection

A

Mechanoreceptor

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5
Q

sensory receptor that responds to temperature

A

Thermoreceptor

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6
Q

sensory receptor that detects mechanical damage, temperature extremes, or chemicals released from damaged cells

A

Pain receptor

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7
Q

sensory receptor that detects the position of body parts

A

Proprioceptor

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8
Q

molecule or cell that detects quality and quantity of light

A

Photoreceptor

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9
Q

sensory receptor that responds to chemicals

A

Chemoreceptor

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10
Q

transfer of DNA into a cell via a virus

A

Transduction

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11
Q

localized change in membrane potential (a graded potential) in a sensory receptor

A

Receptor potential

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12
Q

lessening of sensation with prolonged exposure to a stimulus

A

Sensory adaptation

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13
Q

the sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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14
Q

the sense of taste

A

Gustation

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15
Q

organ that forms the entrance to the nasal cavity inside the head; functions in breathing and olfaction

A

Nose

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16
Q

chemical an organism releases that elicits a response in another member of the species

A

Pheromones

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17
Q

cluster of cells that detect chemicals in food

A

Taste buds

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18
Q

muscular structure on the floor of the mouth; mixes food and aids in swallowing

A

Tongue

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19
Q

sensory receptor that detects chemicals; relied on by both smell and taste

A

Chemoreceptor

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20
Q

chemoreceptor in the nose that binds to odorant molecules

A

Olfactory receptor cell

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21
Q

cluster of neurons that transmit messages from olfactory receptor cells to the brain

A

Olfactory bulb

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22
Q

chemoreceptor that binds to dissolved food molecules and forms synapses with sensory neurons that lead to the brain

A

Taste receptor cell

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23
Q

pigment in rod cells that transduces light into an electrochemical signal

A

Rhodopsin

24
Q

the outermost layer of the eye; the white of the eye

A

Sclera

25
Q

in the eye, a modified portion of the sclera that forms a transparent, curved window that admits light

A

Cornea

26
Q

middle layer of the eyeball, between the sclera and the retina

A

Choroid

27
Q

colored part of the eye; regulates the size of the pupil

A

Iris

28
Q

opening in the iris that admits light into the eye

A

Pupil

29
Q

sheet of photoreceptors that forms the innermost layer of the eye

A

Retina

30
Q

nerve fibers that connect the retina to the brain

A

Optic nerve

31
Q

structure in the eye that bends incoming light

A

Lens

32
Q

photoreceptor in the retina that provides black-and-white vision

A

Rod cells

33
Q

photoreceptor cell in the retina that detects colors

A

Cone cells

34
Q

interneuron in the retina that generates action potentials

A

Ganglion cells

35
Q

neuron in the retina that passes signals from rod/cone cells to ganglion cells

A

Bipolar neuron

36
Q

bundle of ganglion cell axons that conveys visual information from the retina to the thalamus

A

Optic nerve

37
Q

brain structure that conveys visual/audio information to the primary visual/auditory cortex

A

Thalamus

38
Q

brain structure that processes and interprets visual information

A

Primary visual cortex

39
Q

sense organ of hearing and equilibrium

A

Ear

40
Q

ear canal; funnels sounds from the outer ear to the eardrum

A

Auditory canal

41
Q

structure that transmits sound from air to the middle ear

A

Eardrum

42
Q

membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear

A

Oval window

43
Q

spiral-shaped part of the inner ear, where vibrations are translated into nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

44
Q

the lower wall of the cochlear canal; vibrates in response to sound and studded with hair cells

A

Basilar membrane

45
Q

mechanoreceptor that initiates sound transduction in the cochlea and conveys it to the thalamus

A

Hair cells

46
Q

membrane in contact with hair cells of the cochlea

A

Tectorial membrane

47
Q

nerve fibers that connect the cochlea and vestibular apparatus to the brain

A

Auditory nerve

48
Q

fluid-filled canal that receives vibrations from the oval window and transfers them to the cochlear canal and is continuous with the tympanic canal

A

Vestibular canal

49
Q

fluid-filled canal sandwiched between the vestibular and tympanic canals; fluid within the canal receives vibrations from the vestibular canal

A

Cochlear canal

50
Q

inner ear sensory system that provides information on the position and acceleration of the head; includes the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals

A

Vestibular apparatus

51
Q

one of three perpendicular fluid-filled structures in the inner ear; provides information on the rotation of the head

A

Semicircular canals

52
Q

As you snuggle into bed, you feel the weight of the blankets on your body, but you soon become unaware of the covers. What has happened?
1. Your skin’s touch receptors have become unable to receive information about new stimuli.
2. Your skin’s touch receptors have adapted to the feeling of the blankets.
3. All of your body’s sensory receptors have become unable to receive information about new stimuli.
4. All of your body’s sensory receptors have adapted to the feling of feeling of the blankets.

A
  1. Your skin’s touch receptors have adapted to the feeling of the blankets.
53
Q

Which type of sensory receptor enables you to feel the position of your legs, even if a table hides your legs from sight?
1. Thermoreceptor
2. Photoreceptor
3. Chemoreceptor
4. Proprioceptor

A
  1. Proprioceptor
54
Q

In what way are the senses of smell and taste different?
1. Chemoreceptors detect smell, wheras mechanoreceptors detect taste.
2. Olfactory receptors bind to chemicals dissolved in gas, whereas taste receptors bind to chemicals dissolved in water.
3. Smell is processed in the spinal cord, whereas taste is processed in the brain.
4. We can smell chemicals from distant objects, whereas taste is limited to chemicals at close range.

A
  1. We can smell chemicals from distant objects, whereas taste is limited to chemicals at close range.
55
Q

The structures that enable bees to see flowers are:
1. eye cups.
2. single-lens eyes.
3. ommatidia.
4. maculas.

A
  1. ommatidia.
56
Q

What is the function of hair cells in the cochlea?
1. Transduce sound waves into neural impulses.
2. Interpret and identify sounds.
3. Funnel sounds to the inner ear.
4. Prevent debris from entering the delicate inner ear.

A
  1. Transduce sound waves into neural impulses.

Biology (40 decks)

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