2.7 Social and cultural change, 1964-70

Question 1

By 1961, what percentage of people had a TV in their home? By 1971?

Answer 1

75%
By 1971, 91%

Question 2

When was ITV launched?

Answer 2

1955

Question 3

When was BBC2 launced, allowing BBC1 to grow more populist?

Answer 3

April 1964

Question 4

What meant that radio survived?

Answer 4

development of the cheap and portable transistor
spread of car radios

w/ long-life battery + radios - could be listened to in privacy of bedroom - teenagers

Question 5

What newspaper replaced the much more serious Daily Herald as the newspaper of the working class?

Answer 5

The Sun, bought by Rupert Murdoch in 1969 - associated it with the permissive attitudes of the age

Question 6

With home remaining the centre of many leisure activities, what percentage of leisure time did TV account for?

Answer 6

23%

Question 7

What percentage of journeys did the car account for, 1974? (what in 1954?)

Answer 7

1974 - 77%
up from 39% in 1954

Question 8

What happened to shopping?

Answer 8

Became a leisure activity in its own right as mass production grew, fuelled by advertising

Question 9

Holidays in total + abroad (1951)

Answer 9

27 million in total
2 million abroad

Question 10

Holidays in total + abroad (1971)

Answer 10

41 million in total
7 million abroad

Question 11

When was Britannia Airways founded?

Answer 11

1964

Question 12

Spain as a overseas package holiday destination

Answer 12

2 weeks in Spain costing as little as £20, 30% all overseas package holidays taken there

Question 13

What did the Anglo-French partnership continue to develop in terms of science?

Answer 13

supersonic Concorde aircraft

Question 14

When did the Post Office Tower open?

Answer 14

In 1965, then the tallest building in Britain, to improve telecommunications

Question 15

When was theatrical censorship abolished?

Answer 15

Introduced as a private members’ bill - passed into law in 1968

Question 16

What organisation continued to strictly categorise films?

Answer 16

British Board of Film Censors

Question 17

When did second wave feminism start?

Answer 17

in the US, when Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in 1963

Question 18

In 1970, what percentage of students in higher education were women?

Answer 18

only 28%

Question 19

What percentage of women ever reached managerial posts?

Answer 19

5%

Question 20

What act allowed local authorities to provide contraception + advice?

Answer 20

National Health Service (Family Planning) Act of 1967

Question 21

number of ‘illegitimate’ births 1960 to 1970

Answer 21

1960 - 5.8%
1970 - 8.2%

Question 22

What four demands were made at the first National Women’s Liberation Conference, Feb 1970?

Answer 22

• equal pay
• free contraception, abortion on request
• equal educational and job opportunities
• free 24-hour childcare

Question 23

What Act established equal pay for equal work?

Answer 23

the 1970 Equal Pay Act, did not come into force for a further five years

Question 24

What was set up under Mary Whitehouse in 1965? How many members did it have?

Answer 24

National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association - soon had 100,000 members (however failed to have any impact on programmes shown)

Question 25

How much more prevalent did cocaine and heroin addiction become?

Answer 25

10x more prevalent in the first half of the 1960s

Question 26

What act made it unlawful to possess drugs such as cannabis and cocaine?

Answer 26

the Dangerous Drugs Act 1967

Question 27

What did the Wootton Report suggest? Who rejected this?

Answer 27

Wootton Report of 1968 - suggested legalising soft drugs like cannabis - rejected by Home Sec James Callaghan, who was much less liberal than his predecessor Roy Jenkins

Question 28

What did Callaghan want regarding the permissive society?

Answer 28

'to call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness'

Question 29

In 1970, what was the maximum sentence for supplying drugs increased to?

Answer 29

14 years imprisonment

Question 30

What did surveys, like that by Michael Schofield in 1965, find?

Answer 30

that most young people were either virgins on marriage, or married their first and only sexual partner

Question 31

In reality, what were used more by young people than illegal drugs?

Answer 31

Alcohol, tobacco and caffeine

Question 32

What did a survey find in 1969, regarding young people and music?

Answer 32

young people spent more time listening to music in their bedroom than at youth clubs/festivals

Question 33

When did BBC Radio One begin to play popular music?

Answer 33

1967

Question 34

What different subcultures emerged?

Answer 34

Skinheads, evolved from mods Hippies

Question 35

What was set up in 1966 against the Vietnam War?

Answer 35

The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC) - gaining considerable student support

Question 36

How big was the final demonstration in 1968 against the Vietnam War?

Answer 36

October 1968 - 30,000 people took part

Question 37

What did a survey in North London, 1965 show, regarding race relations?

Answer 37

- 1 in 5 objected working with black or Asian people - Half said they would refuse to live next door to a black person - 9/10 disapproved of mixed marriages

Question 38

When was the first Race Relations Act passed?

Answer 38

1965

Question 39

What did the first Race Relations Act do?

Answer 39

forbade discrimination in public places 'on the grounds of colour, race or ethnic or national origin' - however, discrimination on housing and employment were excluded

Question 40

What was set up to consider discrimination complaints?

Answer 40

the Race Relations Board

Question 41

Failures of the Race Relations Board

Answer 41

could not compel witness to attend - although it handled 982 complaints in first year, 734 were dismissed through lack of evidence

Question 42

What event prompted the government to pass a new Commonwealth Immigration Act?

Answer 42

alarm over the sudden influx of Kenyan Asians

Question 43

What did the Commonwealth Immigration Act 1968 do?

Answer 43

limited the right of return to Britain for non-white Commonwealth citizens

Question 44

When did Enoch Powell make his 'rivers of blood' speech?

Answer 44

April 1968

Question 45

Response within the liberal establishment to 'rivers of blood' speech?

Answer 45

strongly condemned - Heath not only sacked Powell, but never spoke to him again

Question 46

Reaction of public opinion to 'rivers of blood' speech?

Answer 46

Gallup poll found that 75% of population supported what Powell said

Question 47

When was a further Race Relations Act introduced?

Answer 47

1968

Question 48

What did the Race Relations Act 1968 do?

Answer 48

- Banned racial discrimination in housing, employment, insurance, other services - Gave Race Relations Board stronger powers

Question 49

Loopholes of the Race Relations Act 1968

Answer 49

- Employers could discriminate against non-white people in the interest of 'racial balance' - Complaints against the police were excluded from the law

Question 50

Failure of the Race Relations Board after the 1968 Race Relations Act

Answer 50

Board only upheld 10% of the 1241 complaints it received about discriminatory employment to Jan 1972 The number of complaints remained low because victims had little faith in system

Question 51

What became an annual event from 1964?

Answer 51

Notting Hill Carnival