2.7 Social and cultural change, 1964-70 Flashcards
By 1961, what percentage of people had a TV in their home? By 1971?
75%
By 1971, 91%
When was ITV launched?
1955
When was BBC2 launced, allowing BBC1 to grow more populist?
April 1964
What meant that radio survived?
development of the cheap and portable transistor
spread of car radios
w/ long-life battery + radios - could be listened to in privacy of bedroom - teenagers
What newspaper replaced the much more serious Daily Herald as the newspaper of the working class?
The Sun, bought by Rupert Murdoch in 1969 - associated it with the permissive attitudes of the age
With home remaining the centre of many leisure activities, what percentage of leisure time did TV account for?
23%
What percentage of journeys did the car account for, 1974? (what in 1954?)
1974 - 77%
up from 39% in 1954
What happened to shopping?
Became a leisure activity in its own right as mass production grew, fuelled by advertising
Holidays in total + abroad (1951)
27 million in total
2 million abroad
Holidays in total + abroad (1971)
41 million in total
7 million abroad
When was Britannia Airways founded?
1964
Spain as a overseas package holiday destination
2 weeks in Spain costing as little as £20, 30% all overseas package holidays taken there
What did the Anglo-French partnership continue to develop in terms of science?
supersonic Concorde aircraft
When did the Post Office Tower open?
In 1965, then the tallest building in Britain, to improve telecommunications
When was theatrical censorship abolished?
Introduced as a private members’ bill - passed into law in 1968
What organisation continued to strictly categorise films?
British Board of Film Censors
When did second wave feminism start?
in the US, when Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in 1963
In 1970, what percentage of students in higher education were women?
only 28%
What percentage of women ever reached managerial posts?
5%
What act allowed local authorities to provide contraception + advice?
National Health Service (Family Planning) Act of 1967
number of ‘illegitimate’ births 1960 to 1970
1960 - 5.8%
1970 - 8.2%
What four demands were made at the first National Women’s Liberation Conference, Feb 1970?
- equal pay
- free contraception, abortion on request
- equal educational and job opportunities
- free 24-hour childcare
What Act established equal pay for equal work?
the 1970 Equal Pay Act, did not come into force for a further five years
What was set up under Mary Whitehouse in 1965? How many members did it have?
National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association - soon had 100,000 members (however failed to have any impact on programmes shown)
How much more prevalent did cocaine and heroin addiction become?
10x more prevalent in the first half of the 1960s
What act made it unlawful to possess drugs such as cannabis and cocaine?
the Dangerous Drugs Act 1967
What did the Wootton Report suggest? Who rejected this?
Wootton Report of 1968 - suggested legalising soft drugs like cannabis - rejected by Home Sec James Callaghan, who was much less liberal than his predecessor Roy Jenkins
What did Callaghan want regarding the permissive society?
‘to call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness’
In 1970, what was the maximum sentence for supplying drugs increased to?
14 years imprisonment
What did surveys, like that by Michael Schofield in 1965, find?
that most young people were either virgins on marriage, or married their first and only sexual partner
In reality, what were used more by young people than illegal drugs?
Alcohol, tobacco and caffeine
What did a survey find in 1969, regarding young people and music?
young people spent more time listening to music in their bedroom than at youth clubs/festivals
When did BBC Radio One begin to play popular music?
1967
What different subcultures emerged?
Skinheads, evolved from mods
Hippies
What was set up in 1966 against the Vietnam War?
The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC) - gaining considerable student support
How big was the final demonstration in 1968 against the Vietnam War?
October 1968 - 30,000 people took part
What did a survey in North London, 1965 show, regarding race relations?
- 1 in 5 objected working with black or Asian people
- Half said they would refuse to live next door to a black person
- 9/10 disapproved of mixed marriages
When was the first Race Relations Act passed?
1965
What did the first Race Relations Act do?
forbade discrimination in public places ‘on the grounds of colour, race or ethnic or national origin’ - however, discrimination on housing and employment were excluded
What was set up to consider discrimination complaints?
the Race Relations Board
Failures of the Race Relations Board
could not compel witness to attend - although it handled 982 complaints in first year, 734 were dismissed through lack of evidence
What event prompted the government to pass a new Commonwealth Immigration Act?
alarm over the sudden influx of Kenyan Asians
What did the Commonwealth Immigration Act 1968 do?
limited the right of return to Britain for non-white Commonwealth citizens
When did Enoch Powell make his ‘rivers of blood’ speech?
April 1968
Response within the liberal establishment to ‘rivers of blood’ speech?
strongly condemned - Heath not only sacked Powell, but never spoke to him again
Reaction of public opinion to ‘rivers of blood’ speech?
Gallup poll found that 75% of population supported what Powell said
When was a further Race Relations Act introduced?
1968
What did the Race Relations Act 1968 do?
- Banned racial discrimination in housing, employment, insurance, other services
- Gave Race Relations Board stronger powers
Loopholes of the Race Relations Act 1968
- Employers could discriminate against non-white people in the interest of ‘racial balance’
- Complaints against the police were excluded from the law
Failure of the Race Relations Board after the 1968 Race Relations Act
Board only upheld 10% of the 1241 complaints it received about discriminatory employment to Jan 1972
The number of complaints remained low because victims had little faith in system
What became an annual event from 1964?
Notting Hill Carnival
