27 Respiratory System, the histology Flashcards
What is the main function of the conducting zone of the respiratory pathway?
To condition air—- humidify, warm, filter
The conducting zone begins where? and ends where?
Nasal cavity, bronchioles
The respiratory zone starts where? and ends where?
respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
what are the two main layers of respiratory mucosa?
respiratory epithelium and lamina propria
What type of epithelia covers most of the conducting zone?
ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium
What type of cells are found in the respiratory epithelial layer that are small, rounded, on basement membrane, and give the pseudo-stratified appearance?
Basal Cells
Rare cells with tuft of microvilli, sensory cells involved in sneezing
brush cells
rare cells in respiratory epithelia, form part of neuroendocrine network, regulate mucous serous secretions—unidentifiable in standard histo
granule cells
What disease is a genetic mutation of the dynein arms that help move cilia microtubules and cause loss of function?
primary ciliary dyskinesia
What layer contains zero-mucous glands that assist in humidifying incoming air?
respiratory submucosa
What is the most anterior part of the nose enclosed by alar cartilages?
vestibule
What types of cells line the vestibule of the nose?
stratified squamous epithelia
What is the name of hair in the vestibule of nose?
vibrissae
What type of tissue lines the superior concha as opposed to the middle/inferior concha?
olfactory mucosa as opposed to respiratory mucosa
venous component of inferior/middle concha that enlarges with blood to temporarily block blood flow?
swell bodies
what are the 3 types of cells in olfactory epithelium?
basal cells (stem population), sustentacular cells (support neurons), and olfactory neurons (bipolar)
What type of gland is found in lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa?
glands of bowman- fluid to wash away odors
What portion of the nasopharynx is not lines with respiratory mucosa?
soft palate portion–stratified squamous epithelium (resemble oral cavity)
Which laryngeal cartilage is not formed by hyaline cartilage?
epiglottis
What fold forms laryngeal entrance?
aryepiglottic fold
During normal breathing, are the vocal folds abducted or adducted?
fully abducted
True or False- The trachea lacks zero-mucous glands in the submucosa?
False
Are the tracheal cartilage rings incomplete posteriorly or anteriorly?
Posteriorly—they prevent collapse of trachea during breathing
the band of smooth muscle that connects the lateral edges of tracheal cartilages?
trachealis muscle
When is the tracheal is muscle relaxed? when is it contracted?
swallowing (relaxed), coughing (contracted)
Bronchi have what layer surrounding them that the trachea did not?
smooth muscle
True of False- The secondary bronchi supply a bronchopulmonary segment?
false- Tertiary bronchi does while the secondary supply a lobe
Where does a transition in epithelium take place in the respiratory pathway?
bronchioles
what cells are lost in the bronchioles?
- ciliated pseudo stratified goes to ciliated cuboidal
- goblet cells diminish and clara cells arise (GAGs secretion)
- Glands
True or False–Bronchioles are surrounded by cartilage?
false
Lamina propria of bronchioles is comprised mostly of what?
smooth muscle
What type of bronchiole is the very last in the conduction zone?
terminal bronchioles
Is asthmas bronchoconstriction a paraSNA or SNA?
parasympathetic that can be reversed by sympathetics
the walls of alveolar ducts are composed of ?
alveoli- rims have smooth muscles that eventually disappear as you go deeper
The walls of adjacent alveoli form what?
highly vascularized inter-alveolar septum (Oxygen diffuses here)
What are the 3 structures of the blood air barrier?
1 squamous alveolar cell
2 basal lamina
3 capillary endothelial cell
What is the purpose of the great alveolar cell?
- surfactant-reduce surface tension (prevent collapse)
2. Antibacterial agent
What cells not directly involved in oxygen absorption/brathing mechanisms are found heavily in alveoli?
macrophages
What disease is from lack of surfactant in infants?>
respiratory stress syndrome
How do macrophages play a role in diagnosis of congestive heart failure?
too much blood in alveoli- macrophages phagocytose- iron pigment (hemosiderin)- detected in sputum
The squamous alveolar cell is what type of pneumocyte?
Type 1
The great alveolar cell is what type of pneumocyte?
Type 2–Lamellar bodies- protein/lipid