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Bio 2.7 Gene Expression > 2.7 gene expression > Flashcards

2.7 gene expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double-stranded
helix made of chemical building blocks called
nucleotides

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2
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Nucleotides are made of:

  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous bases (adenine (A), thymine (T),
    guanine (G), and cytosine (C))
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3
Q

What is the complementary based pairing rule

A

The complementary
base-pairing rules states
that:

  • Adenine (A) always bonds
    with thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C) always bonds
    with guanine (G)
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4
Q

What is tRNA

A

the nucleic acid which has an anticodon
that binds to mRNA bringing in the correct
amino acid during translation

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5
Q

What is transcription

A

process in the nucleus where the genetic
information on DNA is transcribed on to
mRNA using the complemenary base
pairing so A on DNA pairs with U on
mRNA, T on DNA pairs with A on mRNA
and C pairs with G

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6
Q

What is translation

A

the process where the genetic infromation
in the sequence of codons on mRNA
specifies the sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain

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7
Q

What is mRNA

A

the nucleic acid which is complementary to
the template strand of DNA which carries
the genetic information from the nucleus to
the ribosomes. it’s sequence of 3 base
codons specifies the sequence of amino
acids in a polypeptide chain

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8
Q

What is the rRNA/ribosome

A

the place where translation occurs

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9
Q

What is a codon

A

three bases on the mRNA that specifies

(codes for) an amino acid

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10
Q

What is an anticodon

A

three bases on the tRNA that binds to the
codon on mRNA during translation

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11
Q

What is an amino acid

A

monomer of a polypeptide chain or a
protein

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12
Q

What is a polypeptide chain

A

a molecule made up of a specific sequence
of amino acids

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13
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

the bond that forms between the amino
acids in a polypeptide chain

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14
Q

What is a stop codon

A

the codon found at the end of the mRNA
which signals the end of translation. The
polypeptide chain is complete and no
more amino acids are added.

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15
Q

What is a start codon

A

the codon which tells the ribosomes to
start making the polypeptide chain - codes
for the methionine amino acid (AUG = satrt
codon

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16
Q

What is a ribosome

A

the place where mRNA is read

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17
Q

What is degeneracy

A

where more than one codon codes for an
amino acid - the third base of a codon can
change and still code for the same amino
acid. degeneracy leads to redundancy in
the code

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18
Q

What is a coding strand

A

the strand that is complementary to the
mRNA (used as a template to synthesise
mRNA during transcription) - often
synonymous with template strand, but
specify what the strand does in your
answer

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19
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

the making of a protein with a specific
sequence of amino acids determined by
the genetic code (base sequence) of a
gene

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20
Q

What is primary structure

A

the specific sequence of amino acids
(bonded by peptide bonds) in the
polypeptide chain

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21
Q

What is secondary structure

A

the primary structure (sequence of amino
acids) is folded into alpha helices, beta
sheets. this structure is maintained by
hydrogen bonds.

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22
Q

What is tertiary structure

A

the secondary structure folds into a 3D
shape which is maintained by hydrogen
bonds, di-sulfide and ionic bonds

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23
Q

What is a complementary base pair

A

the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA
or RNA that are paired with those of
another strand; adenine pairs with thymine
or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine

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24
Q

What is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst protein that speeds
up biochemical reactions

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25
Q

What is a gene

A

sequence of bases on DNA that codes for
a protein (polypeptide chain) and thus
determines a trait

26
Q

What is a mutation

A

change in the base sequence of the DNA in a gene

27
Q

What is a mutagen

A

any agent (an environmental factor) that
can induce a genetic mutation or can
increase the rate of mutation

28
Q

What is a somatic mutation

A

mutation occurring in the body cells, non
inheritable - but may affect individual
during their lifetime

29
Q

What is gametic mutation

A

mutation occurring in the germ cells or
gametes, heritable - if it is the gamete
chosen in sexual reproduction

30
Q

What is a genotype

A

the combination of alleles for a given gene

31
Q

What is a phenotype

A

the observable expression of a given gene

32
Q

What is a protein

A

molecule that consists of one or more
polypeptide chains

33
Q

What is gene expression

A

when the genetic information in the
sequence of bases in agene is used to
make a protein

34
Q

What is a genetic code

A

the order of the bases on the DNA strands
(and the order on mRNA) determines the
order of amino acids in proteins

35
Q

What is nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA - composed of long chains of nucleotides

36
Q

What is a template strand

A

the strand that is complementary to the
mRNA (used as a template to synthesise
mRNA during transcription) - often
synonymous with coding strand, but specify
what the strand does in your answer

37
Q

What is substitution mutation

A

type of mutation where one base is
exchanged for another base in the DNA of a
gene

38
Q

What is an insertion mutation

A

type of mutation where a base is inserted
into the base sequence of DNA of a gene,
causes a reading frameshift

39
Q

What is deletion

A

type of mutation mutation where a base is
deleted from the base sequence of DNA of
a gene, causes a reading framshift

40
Q

What is frameshift

A

a change in the sequence of triplets
following an insertion or deletion mutation.

41
Q

What is a triplet

A

three nucleotides on a strand of DNA

42
Q

What is redundancy

A

some amino acids are coded for by more
than one codon. degeneracy leads to
redundancy

43
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

a sequence of enzyme controlled
biochemical reactions

44
Q

What is metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

45
Q

What is a substrate

A

the chemical / molecule that binds to the
enzyme then reacts to from a product

46
Q

What is an environmental factor

A

factors that can change the phenotype (or
genotype if the environmental factor is a
mutagen). there are abiotic or biotic
environmental factors.

47
Q

What is a nucleotide monomer

A

units that make up DNA and RNA

48
Q

What is deoxyribose sugar/ribose sugar

A

part of a nucleotide monomer in DNA
(deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose)

49
Q

What is a phosphate

A

part of a nucleotide (backbone of DNA/RNA molecule)

50
Q

What is a nitrogenous base

A

part of a nucleotide - A, T, C, G, 4 bases in
DNA; A, U, C, G, 4 bases in RNA

51
Q

What is the structural role of a protein

A

protein that forms part of body or cell
structure - fibrous proteins eg collagen,
keratin, muscle

52
Q

What is quaternary structure

A

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape
resulting from the association of two or more
polypeptide subunits.

53
Q

What is a polymer

A

large molecule made up of many monomers

54
Q

What is a monomer

A

A simple molecule that can combine with other
monomer molecules to make a polymer

55
Q

What is a hydrogen bond

A

bond between amino acids in secondary and
tertiary structure of a protein

56
Q

What is an active site

A

Location on the enzyme where the substrate will
bind

57
Q

What are the three stages of transcription

A

Translation has three stages:

  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
58
Q

What is initiation

A

Translation begins when the ribosome
binds to the AUG codon on the mRNA
strand

  • AUG (START codon) signals the start
    of translation, and therefore the
    beginning of the polypeptide forming
  • AUG codes for the amino acid
    methionine (Met), which is brought by
    the tRNA molecule
  • The ribosome moves from the 5’ to 3’
    end of the mRNA strand
59
Q

What is elongation

A

The tRNA anticodon binds to the
complementary mRNA codon using A-U, C-G

  • If the codon and anticodon match, the
    tRNA deposits its attached amino acid
  • Amino acids are added to the polypeptide
    chain one by one by tRNAs as the ribosome
    reads the mRNA codons
  • They are joined together by peptide
    bonds
  • The tRNA leaves the ribosome and can be
    reused to pick up another amino acid
60
Q

What is termination

A

The ribosome reaches a STOP codon on the mRNA

  • The stop codon does not code for a specific amino acid, it codes for
    the ribosome to release the formed polypeptide
  • The newly released polypeptide can fold into its specific protein
    structure
  • The ribosome and tRNA can be reused with multiple copies of the
    mRNA strand to make many polypeptides at once

Bio 2.7 Gene Expression (1 decks)

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