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AS Biology > 2.7 - Biodiversity and Classification > Flashcards

2.7 - Biodiversity and Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by ‘phylogenic’?

A

Reflecting revolutionary relatedness

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2
Q

What is a phylogenic tree?

A

A diagram showing descent, with living organisms at the tips of the branches and ancestral species in the branches and the trunk, with branch points representing common ancestors. The length of the branches indicate the time between branch points.
The further up the diagram you go, the further forward in time, so the species at the top exist now. Those in the trunk and branches are no longer alive.

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3
Q

What is the ‘taxonomy’?

A

The identification and naming of organisms.

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4
Q

What is ‘classification’?

A

Putting items into groups.

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5
Q

What is ‘hierarchy’?

A

A system of ranking in which small groups are nested in components of larger groups.

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6
Q

What is a taxon?

A

Any group within a system of classification.

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7
Q

Name the hierarchy of biological classification with an example for each.

A

Domain - Eukaryota
Kingdom - animalia
Phylum - chordata
Class - mammalia
Order - primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - homo
Species - sapiens

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8
Q

What happens when you move down the biological hierarchy?

A

From domain to species, organisms in a taxon are more closely related.

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9
Q

What happens when you move up the biological hierarchy?

A

From species to domain, organisms in a taxon are less closely related.

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10
Q

Why do we need a classification system?

A
  • it allows us to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms
  • we can predict characteristics of animals from its species
  • makes communication between scientists easier globally
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11
Q

Why is the classification system described as being tentative in nature?

A

The classification system depends on our current knowledge. Any system we use is tentative and may be altered as our knowledge advances.

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12
Q

What is ‘domain’?

A

Largest taxon and all living things belong in 1 of the 3 domains.

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13
Q

How has classification in domain changed over time?

A

Originally defined on the bases of rRNA base sequences, more modernly methods of analysis consider similiarities in the DNA sequence.

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14
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota

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15
Q

What are eubacteria?

A

These are familiar bacteria such as E.coli and salmonella. They are prokaryotes.

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16
Q

What are archaea?

A

These are bacteria but have unusual metabolisms, for example generating methane. They live in marginal environments and are also all prokaryotes.

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17
Q

What are eukaryota?

A

Plantae, animalia, fungi and protoctista

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18
Q

What are kingdoms?

A

5 kingdom system classifies organisms on the basis of their physical appearances

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19
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Prokaryota, protoctista, fungi, plantae and animalia

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20
Q

What are ‘phylum’?

A

Sub group of a kingdom, members of each phylum have a distinct body plan (eg chordata = vertbrates)

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21
Q

What is a ‘class’?

A

Sub group of phylum (eg mammalia forms under the phylum chordata)

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22
Q

What is an ‘order’?

A

Sub group of a class (eg lepidoptera is the order containing butterflies and moths, in the class insecta)

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23
Q

What is a ‘family’?

A

A group within an order. Flower families are most familiar such as the rose family (rosaceae)

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24
Q

What is the genus?

A

A group of organisms for example the genus Panthera, containing lions and tigers

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25
Q

What is the ‘species’?

A

A group of organisms sharing a large number of physical features and are able to interbreed to make fertile offspring.

26
Q

What are prokaryotae?

A

They are microscopic, this kingdom contains all the bacteria and cyanobacteria

27
Q

What are ‘protoctista’?

A

Some only have one cell and those are a major component of plankton, others are colonial. Some have plant like cells, others animal like, some have characteristics of both.

28
Q

What are plantae?

A
  • mosses, horsetails and ferns reproduce with spores
  • conifers and flowering plants reproduce with seeds
29
Q

What are fungi?

A
  • yeasts are single celled
  • moulds such as pencillium and mushrooms such as amanita muscara have hyphae that weave together to form the body of the fungus, a myecelium. In some, cross-cell walls, called septa, sud-divide the hyphae.
30
Q

What are animalia?

A

The 35 animal phyla include a great range of body plans, most are motile at some stage of life.

31
Q

What is the theory of evolution?

A

Widely separated groups of organisms sharing a common ancestor therefore it would be expected that they share basic features, so their similarities should indicate how closely related they are.

32
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

Structures in different species with similair anatomical position and developmental origin, derived from a common ancestor (eg pentadactyl having 5 fingers)

33
Q

What is homologous structure an example of?

A

Divergent evolution - where a common ancestral structure has evolved and performs different functions.

34
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Have a corresponding function and similar shape but have different developmental orgin.

35
Q

What are analogous structures an example of?

A

Convergent evolution - example a bird, butterlfy and insect have wings yet they have no recent common ancestor

36
Q

What are the 4 techniques for assessing genetic evidence of classification?

A
  • dna sequences
  • dna hybridisation
  • amino acid sequences
  • immunology
37
Q

How are DNA sequences used in genetic profiling?

A

More closely related species show more similarity in their DNA base sequences than those more distantly related. DNA analysis has confirmed evolutionary relationships, and corrected mistakes made in classification based on physical characteristics.

38
Q

How is DNA hybridisation used in genetic profiling?

A

Comparing the DNA base sequences of 2 species. To work out how closely related they are, DNA from both is extracted, separated and cut into fragments. The fragments from the 2 species are mixed, and where they have complimentary base pairing they will hybridise together.

39
Q

How are amino acid sequences used in genetic profiling?

A

The sequence of amino acids in proteins is determined by the DNA base sequence. The degree of similarity in the amino acid sequence of the same protein in 2 species will reflect how closely related they are.

40
Q

How is immunology used in genetic profiling?

A

The proteins of different species can be compared using immunological techniques if you mix the antigens of one species, such as the blood protein albumin, with specific antibodies of another, the antigens and antibodies make a precipitate. The closer the evolutionary relationship, the more antigen and antibody react and make more precipitate.

41
Q

What are the 2 aspects to species?

A

Morphological and reproductive

42
Q

What is the morphological definition of species?

A

If 2 organisms look very similiar they are more likely to be the same species.

43
Q

What is the reproductive definition of species?

A

If they can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

44
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

The system of giving organisms a unique name with 2 parts, the genus and the species.

45
Q

What is taxonomy and what does it do?

A

Identification and naming organisms.
- discover and describe biological diversity
- investigate evolutionary relationships between organisms
- classify organisms to reflect their evolutionary relationships

46
Q

What are the 3 advantages to the binomial naming system?

A
  • unambiguous naming
  • based on latin (scholary language) used all over the world
  • implies 2 species sharing part of name are closely related
47
Q

What are the 2 parts of biodiversity?

A

The number of species
The number of organisms in a species
- biodiversity is not constant

48
Q

How can biodiversity increase or decrease?

A
  • succession
  • natural selection
  • human influence
49
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A
  • a small number of plant species provide staple foods, for humans worldwide
  • medicinal drugs are derived from plants and fungi
  • living organisms provide raw material
50
Q

What is simpsons biodiversity index?

A

S = 1 - the sum of n(n-1)/the sum of N(N-1)
N = the total number of organisms present
n = the number in each species
THe higher the value, the higher the biodiversity

51
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

The occurence of more than one phenotype in a population that cannot be accounted for by mutation alone.

52
Q

What gene controls height in plants?

A

Gene T - 2 different alleles

53
Q

What gene controls pollination in plants?

A

Gene S - 31 different alleles therefore is more biodiverse.

54
Q

What are SNPs in DNA finger printing?

A

When only one base differs (stands for single nucleotide polymorphisms)

55
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The gradual process in which herited characteristics become more or less common in a population, in response to the environment determining the breeding success of individuals possessing those characteristics.
Mutations cause the differences between organisms, providing raw material for natural selection.

56
Q

What are the different stages in natural selection?

A

Mutation - differences in DNA
Variation - different physical appearance or behavior
Competitive advantage - some are more suited to the environment than others and out-compete them for resources
Survival of the fittest - those who are more suited to the environment survive better
Reproduction - those more suited to the environment have more offspring
Pass advantagous alleles to offspring - offspring inherit the advantagous alleles, so they are more suited to their environment.

57
Q

What is meant by adaptation?

A

The change in a species, as a useful characteristic becomes more common. The useful characteristic is reffered to as an adaptive trait.

58
Q

What are the 3 types of adaption?

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioral

59
Q

What is meant by an anatomical adaption?

A

Changes to external structure to help it better suit its lifestyle.

60
Q

What is meant by physiological adaptions?

A

Changes often internally, on a cellular level, to maintain survival (eg energy expenditure)

61
Q

What is meant by behavoral adaptations?

A

Conscious choices made by animals to survive in an environment, example meting rituals or predatory instincts.

AS Biology (11 decks)

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