2.7 Flashcards
What are the main factors influencing the work of breathing?
Lung Compliance
1
Airway Resistance
1
Respiratory Muscle Strength
1
Chest Wall Mechanics
1
Lung Volume
1
How does airway resistance affect obstructive ventilatory deficits?
Increased airway resistance requires greater effort for expiration, leading to dynamic hyperinflation and increased functional residual capacity (FRC). This results in increased work of breathing and often leads to rapid, shallow breathing patterns.
What are the four main causes of hypoxemia?
Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) Mismatch
1
Shunting
1
Hypoventilation
1
Reduced Inspired Oxygen
1
What are the four main causes of airway lumen narrowing?
Inflammation
1
Obstruction
1
Edema
1
Structural Changes
What is Type 1 Respiratory Failure?
Type 1 respiratory failure (Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure) is characterized by low oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, with normal or low carbon dioxide levels (normocapnia or hypocapnia).
What is Type 2 Respiratory Failure?
Type 2 respiratory failure (Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure) is characterized by both low oxygen levels (hypoxemia) and elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) in the blood.
What is the cause of vesicular breath sounds?
Vesicular sounds are caused by air moving through smaller airways and alveoli during inhalation and exhalation
What are the characteristics of crackles (rales)?
Crackles are discontinuous, brief sounds that may be fine (high-pitched) or coarse (lower-pitched). They are often associated with fluid in the alveoli or the reopening of collapsed alveoli.
How does pulmonary embolism cause hypoxemia?
Pulmonary embolism can block blood flow to parts of the lung, causing areas to be ventilated but not perfused, leading to reduced oxygen exchange. This is an example of Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) mismatch
What is an example of a condition causing airway lumen narrowing through inflammation?
Asthma causes bronchial inflammation and constriction, narrowing the airway lumen and leading to difficulty in breathing.
How does COPD contribute to Type 2 Respiratory Failure?
COPD can lead to hypoventilation by impairing respiratory drive or muscle function, resulting in both hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
What are the clinical features of Type 1 Respiratory Failure?
Patients may present with tachycardia, tachypnea, cyanosis, and altered mental status due to hypoxemia. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis typically shows low PaO2 with normal or low PaCO2.
