Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology IGCSE > 2.61 - 2.69 > Flashcards

2.61 - 2.69 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main types of white blood cells

A
  • lymphocytes
  • phagocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do phagocytes do

A

they carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how can phagocytes be recognised

A
  • multi-lobed nucleus
  • granular cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

they produce antibodies as well as antitoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how can lymphocytes be recognised

A
  • big round nucleus
  • clear cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are antibodies

A

a protein made from lymphocytes that is complementary to an antigen and, when attached, clumps them together and signals the cells they are on for destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do antitoxins do

A

they neutralise toxins released by pathogens (produced by bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an antigen

A

a molecule found on the surface of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the three different ways of making sure the pathogen is harmless in the vaccine

A
  • killing the pathogen
  • making the pathogen unable to grow or divide (attenuated vaccine)
  • using fragments of pathogens, rather than whole cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which diseases have been reduced or eradicated by using vaccines

A
  • smallpox
  • measles
  • mumps
  • tetanus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

disadvantages of vaccinations

A
  • mutations in the pathogens DNA/RNA can result in significant changes to the antigen of the pathogen meaning that lymphocytes no longer recognise the pathogen
  • side effects make less people want to do the vaccine therefore herd immunity is less likely to work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the job of platelets

A

helping the blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do platelets do (chemically)

A

release chemicals that cause solube fibrinogen proteins to convett into insoluble fibrin which then form an insoluble mesh across the wound. this traps the red blood cells and forms a clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens to oxygenated blood in the heart

A

it enters from the left side of the heart and it is pumped to the rest of the body
- the left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall as it has to pump to the whole body not only the lungs

(systematic circuit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to deoxygenated blood in the heart

A

it enters from the right side and it pumps blood to the lungs
(pulmonary circuit)
it pumps blood at a lower pressure than the left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is blood pumped away from the heart

A

arteries

17
Q

how is blood pumped towards the heart

A

veins

18
Q

what do the valves do

A

they prevent backflow

19
Q

what is on the left side of the heart

A
  • aorta
  • pulmonary vein
  • bicuspid valve
  • semilunar valve
20
Q

what is on the right side of the heart

A
  • pulmonary artery
  • vena cava
  • tricuspid valve
  • semilunar valve
21
Q

how is the resting heart rate controlled

A

in the right atrium by a group of cells in the right atrium called the pacemaker

22
Q

how do pacemaker cells work

A
  • they send out electrical impulses which initiate the contraction of cardiac muscle
23
Q

what are the causes of coronary heart diseases

A
  • layers of fatty material (plaque) build up inside the coronary arteries
  • these fatty substances are formed by cholesterol (dietary cholesterol or cholesterol synthesised by the liver)
24
Q

what can happen if the coronary arteries are blocked

A
  • partially: angina - which is chest pains
  • fully: heart attack - death
25
Q

what can increase the chances of CHD

A
  • obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • smoking
26
Q

what are the three main types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
27
Q

key features of arteries (5)

A
  • carry blood at high pressure away from heart
  • carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery
  • thick muscular walls
  • narrow lumen
  • blood flows through at fast speed
28
Q

key features of veins (6)

A
  • carry blood at low pressure
  • carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
  • thin walls
  • large lumens
  • contain valves
  • blood flows through at low speeds
29
Q

key features of capillaries (5)

A
  • carry blood at low pressure
  • carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • have once cell thick walls
  • have “leaky” walls
  • slow blood flow
30
Q

what artery and vein bring blood into and out of the liver

A

in: hepatic artery
out: hepatic vein

31
Q

what artery and vein bring blood into and out of the gut

A

in: mesenteric artery
out: hepatic portal vein

32
Q

what artery and vein bring blood into and out of the kidneys

A

in: renal artery
out: renal vein

33
Q

what artery and vein bring blood into and out of the lungs

A

in: pulmonary artery
out: pulmonary vein

Biology IGCSE (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions