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Chapter 26=> Carbonyls & Carboxylic Acids > 26.1- 26.4 > Flashcards

26.1- 26.4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbonyls

A
  • compounds with the C=O functional group like aldehydes and ketones
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2
Q

What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones

A
  • the position of the C=O group
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3
Q

Where is the C=O group on aldehydes

A
  • at the end
  • prefix= -al
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4
Q

Where is the C=O group on ketones

A
  • in the inner/middle carbon
  • ending= -one
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5
Q

What are aldehydes oxidised to

A
  • carboxylic acids
    Reagent: K2Cr2O7
    Catalyst: H2SO4
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6
Q

What are ketones oxidised too

A
  • nothing, they can’t be oxidised
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7
Q

What do we use Tollen’s reagent for

A
  • to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
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8
Q

What is Tollen’s reagent made of

A
  • silver nitrate solution
  • few drops of NaOH
  • few drops of dilute ammonia
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9
Q

Why do we use a a hot water bath for the reaction Tollen’s reagent with aldehydes and ketones and not a Bunsen burner

A
  • as aldehydes and ketones are flammable
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10
Q

If an aldehyde is present in Tollen’s reagent what do we get

A
  • a silver mirror is produced
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11
Q

If an ketone is present in Tollen’s reagent what do we get

A
  • nothing
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12
Q

How do we test for carbonyls and what do we see for positive results

A
  • using 2,4 DNP
  • if a carbonyl groups exists a yellow-orange precipice is formed
  • you can dry the precipitate and recrystallise it and find its melting point and compare it to know melting points to see if its an aldehyde or ketone
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13
Q

When aldehydes are reduced what do they form and what reagent is used

A
  • primary alcohols
  • Reagnent: NaBH4
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14
Q

When ketone are reduced what do they form and what reagent is used

A
  • secondary alcohols
  • Reagent: NaBH4
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15
Q

What reactions do carbonyls undergo

A
  • nucleophilic addition
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16
Q

What do potassium cyanide compound reacts with carbonyls to make in nucleophilic addition

A
  • hydroxynitrile ( molecules contains OH and CN groups)
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17
Q

What are the risks when using potassium cyanide

A
  • KCN is an irritant very dangerous if ingested or inhaled
  • KCN reacts with moisture it can form a toxic gas, hydrogen cyanide
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18
Q

How do we reduce the risks of KCN

A
  • wear a lab coat
  • wear safety goggles at all times
  • use a fume cupboard to prevent exposure to toxic fumes
  • wear gloves while handling
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19
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH
- contains both carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (OH)
- ending -oic acid

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20
Q

What is the solubility of carboxylic acids and why

A
  • can dissolve in polar solvents like water
  • because they can hydrogen bond with water molecules
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21
Q

What does the bigger the hydrocarbon part in a carboxylic acids mean

A
  • as the hydrocarbon is non-polar it will decrease the carboxylic acid
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22
Q

What type of acids are carboxylic acids

A
  • weak acids-> partially dissociates
  • equilibrium favours the backwards reaction so leis on the left
23
Q

When carboxylic acids react with carbonates what do they produce

A
  • salt, carbon dioxide and water
24
Q

What do carboxylic acids form when they react with alkalis

A
  • salt and water
25
Q

What do carboxylic acids form when they react with metal oxides

A
  • salt and water
26
Q

What do carboxylic acids form when they react with metal and what will you be able to observe

A
  • salt and water
  • can observe bubbling from the hydrogen
27
Q

What are the derivates of carboxylic acids

A

1) acyl chlorides
2) acid anhydrides

28
Q

What is the functional group of acyl chlorides

A

-COCl

29
Q

What is the prefix of acyl chlorides

A

-oyl chloride

30
Q

How are acyl chlorides made and what other products are made

A
  • by reacting carboxylic acids with thinoyl chloride (SOCl2)
  • other products: SO2 and HCl
31
Q

What 4 things do acyl chlorides react with and in each of these reactions what happens

A
  • they react with:
    1) water
    2) ammonia
    3) alcohols
    4) primary amines
    -in each reaction Cl is substituted for either oxygen or nitrogen
32
Q

What are the products of this reaction:
Ethanoyl chloride + water
And what is this reaction called

A
  • ethanoic acid (carboxylic acids)
  • HCl (produces white misty fumes)
    Called: NUCLEOPHILIC- ADDITION ELIMINATION
33
Q

What are the products of this reaction:
Ethanoyl chloride + ammonia
And what is this reaction called

A
  • ethanamide (amide)
  • HCl (white misty fumes produced)
    Called: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION- ELIMINATION reaction
34
Q

What are the products of this reaction:
Ethanoyl chloride + alcohol
And what is this reaction called

A
  • methyl ethanoate (Ester)
  • HCl (white misty fumes)
    CALLED: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION REACTION
35
Q

What are the products of this reaction:
Ethanoyl chloride + primary amines
And what is this reaction called

A
  • N-methyl ethanamide (N- substituted amides)
  • HCl (white misty fumes)
    CALLED: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION
36
Q

What are acid anhydrides

A
  • a molecule made from 2 carboxylic acids that are the same
37
Q

How do you name acid anhydrides

A
  • name the known carboxylic acid
  • and removing -acid and adding -anhydride on the end
38
Q

What is produced when acid anhydrides react with alcohols

A
  • esters
  • carboxylic acid
39
Q

What is reacted with acyl chlorides to form esters and how is this better than the normal way of making esters

A
  • phenols
  • because it is faster at room temperature
40
Q

How are esters normally made, what is the catalyst and why is this method not as good

A
  • by reacting carboxylic acid and alcohols (phenols)
  • H2SO4
  • because it reacts slowly
41
Q

What is esterification

A
  • the formation of esters
42
Q

What functional groups do esters have

A

-COO-
(Ester link)

43
Q

Other than esters what does the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohol produce and what type of reaction it is

A
  • water
  • reversible reaction
44
Q

How are esters named

A
  • the first bit is named from the alcohol ( take -oic acid off and put -yl)
  • the second bit it named from the carboxylic acid ( remove the -oic acid and put -oate)
45
Q

Name this ester:

A

Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate

46
Q

What does hydrolysis of water involves

A
  • removing water
47
Q

How is 2 ways hydrolysis of esters can be sped up

A
  • using and acid (acid hydrolysis)
  • using a base (base hydrolysis)
48
Q

Describe acid hydrolysis:
Products made?
Catalyst used?
Under what?

A
  • use dilute acids to split an ester into CARBOXYLIC ACID and ALCOHOL
  • use sulfuric hydrochloric acids
  • under reflux
49
Q

Where is the bond broken in acid hydrolysis

A
  • Between the alcohol and the carboxylic acid (C-O bond)
50
Q

What does an acid hydrolysis of esters look like

A
51
Q

Describe base hydrolysis:
Products made?
Catalyst used?
Under what?

A
  • carboxylate ion and alcohol
  • sodium hydroxide
  • reflux
52
Q

Where is the bond broken in base hydrolysis

A
  • between the alcohol and and the carboxylic acid (O-C bond)
53
Q

What does a base hydrolysis of esters look like

A

Chapter 26=> Carbonyls & Carboxylic Acids (1 decks)

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