Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Exam 2 > 26 - Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract I > Flashcards

26 - Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract I Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many particles are released with each sneeze?

A

20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percent of acute illnesses of the upper respiratory tract are caused by viruses?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do respiratory viruses tend to maintain consistency or demonstrate seasonal variation?

A

Seasonal variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Upper respiratory pathogens often replication better at what temperature?

A

33-35 degrees celcius, which is a little cooler than 37 degrees, body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do viruses cause?

A

The viruses can cause disease on their own, but that can also predispose the patients to bacterial super-infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are two of the ways in which viruses predispose to bacterial super-infections?

A

1 - Interruption of mucociliary escalator

2 - Weaken immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common upper respiratory illness?

A

The common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the symptoms of the common cold?

A
  • Rhinitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • No high fever
  • No lower respiratory tract involvement
  • No respiratory distress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa (gives you runny nose, stuffy nose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

Sore throat (sometimes a mild cough as well)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the common cold considered a severe infection?

A

No, not severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How frequently do patients typically contract the common cold?

A

Adults
- 2-3 times per year

Children
- 6-8 times per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does the common cold tend to peak?

A

Fall and spring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some possible complications you can see with the common cold?

A
  • Otitis media

- Sinus infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main causative agent of the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the four possible causative agents of the common cold?

A

1 – Rhinovirus
2 – Unidentified
3 – Other known viruses
4 – Coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In general, all colds are through to be caused by _________

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What family of viruses is the rhinovirus from?

A

The picornavirus family

(the name tells you what it is - “pico” = small, “rna” = RNA

It is a small RNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is the rhinovirus stable in the environment?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the rhinovirus enveloped?

A

No, no envelope is found surrounding the rhinovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of genome do you see in the rhinovirus?

A

+ ssRNA genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

There are three viral species of the rhinovirus. What are they?

A

1 - Human Rhinovirus A
2 - Human Rhinovirus B
3 - Human Rhinovirus C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many different serotypes of the rhinovirus circulate in the human population?

A

Over 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is this problematic?

A

It poses a problem for trying to “pin it down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is the rhinovirus spread?

A

It is shed in respiratory secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three ways you can transmit rhinovirus?

A

1 - Direct contact with nasal secretions
2 - Large droplets
3 - Contaminated formities

(Formities: any object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms, such as germs or parasites, and hence transferring them from one individual to another)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How much inoculum is needed for the virus to spread?

A

Very little virus is needed to cause an infection

The level that was transmitted and caused an infection was too low to be detectable by the laboratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the rhinovirus exacerbate in school-age children?

A

Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the rhinovirus exacerbate in adults?

A

COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism of the rhinovirus?

A

1 - Virus attaches to cilia in nasal canal
2 - Enters cell
3 - Disruption of cilia layer
4 - Outpouring of clear fluid from these cells
5 - Cell damage of cells as virus spreads
6 - Host generates antibodies to the virus
7 - Epithelium will regenerate
8 - No further signs of the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the treatment for a rhinovirus infection?

A

Aimed to alleviate symptoms

  • Antihistamines
  • Decongestants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When would antibiotics be used?

A

Antibiotics only given in the case of bacterial superinfections because antibiotics will not do anything to the virus itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Will you get long lasting immunity to the rhinovirus after you get it and recover?

A

Yes, but only to the serotype you contracted… There are 100+ serotypes of the rhinovirus, so this will not prevent further illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Is there a vaccine available for the rhinovirus?

A

No, you would need many serotypes in the virus, so it doesn’t make sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the non-SARS coronavirus?

A

Another virus that can cause the common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why are they named “corona” viruses?

A

Named based on the way they look under the microscope

Glycoprotein ring around virus resembles the corona ring of the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of genome do coronaviruses have?

A

+ ssRNA genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Are coronaviruses enveloped?

A

Yes! Remember - they have a glycoprotein ring, which is the envelope, and also looks liek the corona ring of the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do the corona viruses replicate and cause pathology?

A
  • Replicate in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract.
  • Very similar to Rhinoviruses in how they cause disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the optimal temperature for the coronavirus?

A

33-35 degrees celsius

means they replicate well in the UPPER respiratory tract, cooler than body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the difference between the SARS coronavirus and the Non-SARS coronavirus?

A

The SARS virus is much more serious

  • Grows better in warmer temperatures
  • Infects the lower respiratory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does transmission of the non-SARS coronavirus occur?

A

Through large droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the incubation period for the coronavirus?

A

3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

During which seasons are outbreaks of the coronavirus most common?

A

Spring and winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What populations are most commonly infected with the coronavirus?

A

Infants and children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What treatment options are available for coronavirus?

A

Same as rhinovirus - just aim to alleviate symptoms

47
Q

Is there a vaccine available for the coronavirus?

A

No

48
Q

Can reinfection occur despite circulating antibodies?

A

Yes

49
Q

Do antibodies appear to have any lasting effect?

A

No

50
Q

What is the adenovirus?

A

Another virus that can cause the common cold

51
Q

Does the adenovirus have an envelope?

A

No

52
Q

What type of genome does the adenovirus have?

A

dsDNA

53
Q

Describe the shape of the adenovirus protein fibers

A
  • The adenoviral fiber proteins protrude from the 12 vertices of the icosahedral capsid
  • These are used for attachment and are toxic to cells
54
Q

What is the function and purpose of the adenoviral fiber proteins?

A

This is a toxic protein for the cells – allows for causing cell death

55
Q

How many different serotypes are there of the adenovirus?

A

Over 50

56
Q

Which serotypes are the most common adenoviruses that cause respiratory distress?

A

1, 2 and 5

57
Q

Which population is the adenovirus most prevalent in?

A

Children under 5

58
Q

How is the adenovirus transmitted?

A
  • Oral transmission
  • Droplet inhalation
  • Conjunctiva
59
Q

The adenovirus is more commonly seen in the _______ than other cold viruses are

A

Eye

60
Q

How does the adenovirus replication?

A

In epithelial cells - similar to others

61
Q

What other tissues does the adenovirus enter, making it DIFFERENT from the other types?

A

It may enter the lymphoid tissues following acute infection

62
Q

How long can individuals shed the adenovirus for following an infection?

A

18 months

It can spread widely during this time

63
Q

Which age groups is the adenovirus more common in?

A

More common in young children

64
Q

What is the seasonal pattern of the adenovirus?

A

NO seasonal pattern

65
Q

What other diseases is the adenovirus associated with?

A
  • Pharygoconjunctival fever
  • Severe respiratory infections
  • GI diseases (serotype 40 and 41)
66
Q

What are the symptoms of pharyngoconjunctival fever?

A

Name tells you…

  • Conjunctivitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Fever
67
Q

What severe respiratory infections are caused by the adenovirus?

A
  • Croup
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Pneumonia
68
Q

How can you treat the adenovirus?

A

Treatment are aimed at reducing symptoms

69
Q

Is immunity of the adenovirus long-lived?

A

Immunity is long-lived, but serotype specific

About 50 serotypes, so not that effective

70
Q

Is there a vaccine for the adenovirus?

A

Live oral vaccine to serotypes 4 and 7 for military recruits

Military recruits ONLY – adenovirus was causing common cold and more lower respiratory issues for them

71
Q

What is the Coxsackievirus?

A

A virus of the enterovirus subfamily of picornaviruses that can also cause the common cold as well as other infections

They can pass through the GI tract and survive and remain infective

72
Q

Is the Coxsackievirus enveloped?

A

No

73
Q

What type of genome does the Coxsackievirus have?

A

+ ssRNA genome

74
Q

How quickly can the Coxsackievirus replicate?

A

VERY RAPID

Replication occurs in the cytoplasm

75
Q

Are Coxsackievirus able to survive at low pH?

A

Yes - can survive in the conditions of the GI tract

76
Q

How is the Coxsackievirus transmitted?

A

Transmitted through the fecal-oral route

77
Q

Is there a vaccine for the Coxsackievirus?

A

No

78
Q

How long does recovery take?

A

Couple weeks without treatment

79
Q

What are the symptoms of herpangina from the Coxsackievirus?

A
  • Abrupt onset fever
  • Small vesicles on soft palate
  • Small white ulcers form when vesicles rupture
80
Q

How common is the Coxsackievirus? What age group?

A

Highest incidence in children 1-7 years old

It is a PEDIATRIC DISEASE ***

81
Q

Are there any complications of herpangina?

A

In rare instances causative agent (Coxsackievirus) can cause meningitis or encephalitis.

82
Q

What is hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

A disease caused by the Coxsackievirus - the name describes what it affects

83
Q

What are the symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Symptoms

  • Fever
  • Vesicular lesions on the soles of hand and feet and on oral areas
84
Q

What group is this disease most common in?

A

Children, but this is not always the case (Caretakers at daycare, for example)

85
Q

What is the mode of transmission of hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Probably oral-fecal transmission

86
Q

What are the three other types of viruses that are responsible for the common cold?

A

1 - Influenza viruses (B and C)

2 - Respiratory syncytial virus (adults and school aged kids)

3 - Parainfluenza virus (adults and school aged kids)

87
Q

So, what is a complete list of the seven viruses we discussed that are able to cause the common cold?

A 
1 - Rhinovirus
2 - Coronavirus
3 - Adenovirus
4 - Coxsackievirus
5 - Influenza B and C
6 - Respiratory syncytial virus
7 - Parainfluenza virus
88
Q

Which slide can I reference for a summary of what we just learned?

A

Slide 25

89
Q

What is croup?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis

Symptoms result from swelling in the subglottic region of the larynx

90
Q

What virus causes croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus

91
Q

What are the symptoms of croup?

A
  • Fever
  • Distinct brassy cough compared to a “seal’s bark”
  • Inspiratory stridor
  • Common cold-like symptoms (nasal discharge, mild cough, pharyngitis)
92
Q

What will a radiograph of a child with croup show?

A

The radiograph will show a narrowing of the air shadow of trachea in the subglottic area

This is called “steeple sign”

93
Q

What age group is at the most risk of developing croup?

A

Children younger than 6 years old

94
Q

What is the clinically important complication of croup?

A

Hypoxia

95
Q

What else will be on your list of differentials when you see a patient with symptoms and signs of croup?

A
  • Noninfectious causes of airway obstruction

- Bacterial epiglotitis (medical emergency - need to rule this out first)

96
Q

Why do we worry about croup in children?

A

We worry about it more in kids because there is an increased risk of hypoxia – smaller the structures, smaller the airway, the less inflammation there can be before it starts to interfere with breathing

97
Q

What is the treatment goal of croup?

A

Alleviate symptoms

98
Q

What is the criteria that determine how you treat croup?

A

Whether or not the patient demonstrates stridor at rest

99
Q

How do you treat a patient that does NOT have stridor at rest?

A

Non-severe case

  • Humidified air
  • Hydration (supportive treatment)
100
Q

How do you treat a patient that DOES have stridor at rest?

A

Severe case - the three drug approach

  • Oxygen
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucocorticoids
101
Q

How is croup transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

102
Q

What type of parainfluenza is the most common cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza type 1

103
Q

What other types of parainfluenza can cause croup?

A

Parainfluenza type 2 and 3

104
Q

What else can parainfluenza type 3 cause?

A

Lower respiratory tract infections

105
Q

What other types of viruses can cause croup?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus and the measles virus can both cause croup (not common)

106
Q

What family is the parainfluenza virus from?

A

The paramyxovirus family

107
Q

What type of viruses parainfluenza virus?

A

Helical nucleocapsid viruses

108
Q

Do parainfluenza virus have envelopes?

A

YES - the envelope contains hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

109
Q

What type of genome do we see with the parainfluenza virus?

A
  • ssRNA genome
110
Q

Where does RNA synthesis occur in parainfluenza viruses?

A

The cytoplasm

111
Q

How areparainfluenza viruses transmitted?

A

Large droplets and direct contact

112
Q

What is the incubation period for diseases of the parainfluenza virus?

A

2-10 days

113
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the parainfluenza virus?

A

Infect and replicate in the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract

114
Q

Does long term immunity occur with parainfluenza virus?

A

No - you will see short lived immunity following the infection, but reinfection usually results in a less severe illness (like a cold)

Microbiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions