2.6 The Operating System Flashcards
Define operating system
Software that manages computer hardware and software resources
All computer programs (other than basic firmware programs) require an operating system to work
Examples:
Windows
Linux
Apple IOS, OSC
Android
What does an operating system provide
A layer of software services which are used to interact with the hardware (acts as a layer between software (and user) and the hardware
What is the kernel and what is it used for
OS can be extremely large so not all will be loaded into main memory
The kernel is the main part of the OS which is loaded into RAM when the computer boots up and this is responsible for managing processes, hardware and other important low level tasks
What are the functions of the OS
Managing resources
Memory Management
Human Computer Interface
Utilities
Security
What does manage resources include
Process Management - ensuring that different processes/programs can be run in a multitasking OS , appearing to run simultaneously using scheduling
Input/Output Management- communicating with devices such as keyboards, mice etc.
Backing Store Management- ensuring data can be read/written to disk drives, maintaining a hierarchical file system etc.
ALL OF THE ABOVE MAKE USE OF INTERRUPT HANDLING
What is the memory Management function of the OS
Ensuring programs and data can share memory and are stored correctly without interfering with each other
What is the human computer interface function of an OS
To display information to the user and accept inputs from the user
What is the utilities function of an OS
Software that comes with the OS to help with the running of the computer e.g
file Management- copy moven rename delete files and directories
Compressions software - to compress files [will be slower to open or execute each time as they will need to be decompressed]
Task managers - to view the processes/programs running, check how much processor time they are taking up and kill processes if necessary
Antivirus software - needs to be updated at least daily
Backup software - allows data to be backed up in an external drive or in the cloud
What is the security function of an OS
Typically OS has built in securities such as login/passwords, encryption, file access rights
How do operating systems have a generic way of talking to many different types of the same device (e.g. different monitors)
Hardware manufacturers produce software called hardware drivers which perform the translation between the generic OS instructions and the specific binary control signals that the hardware understands
If there isn’t a compatible driver for the OS, it won’t work
Managing backing Store
Storage devices are managed by OS which are able tor ead/write files and folders/directories and maintain a hierarchical structure, file access rights etc.
Many different formats:
NTFS (windows), FAT32(older windows), HFS Plus (Mac) all work differently
Information about files is stored in a file allocation table (FAT) which stores the location of all files on the drive together with meta data about the file( name, creation/mod date, size, access rights etc.)
Access rights
Can be set to specify which user or groups of users are able to read and/or update each file or folder
What are the different properties of a hierarchical structure in backing store
The root folder/directory can contain subfolders/directories
These subfiles can contain further files etc. Like a tree structure
They are ordered in a logical way for fast access to files and added security
Access rights can be set at a directory or file level to determine whether a particular user is able to access the folder, or if they just have read or write perm
What access rights may be given on a hierarchical structure in a school
. In a school system, a teacher may be given read access to each pupils folder
What are the different types of Human Computer interfaces
Command driven (e.g. MS-DOS)
WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointers) e.g. Windows, apple OSX
Touch, voice etc.
Options for accessibility (to allow for easier use by people with particular disabilities)
What is a single tasking OS
The OS supervises the loading and running of one program (or process or task) at a time, and the input and output of data from and to peripheral devices
E.g. early PC running MS-DOS
Could only be used by one person at a time and could only use one program at a time
What is a batch system OS
OS that runs in batch mode will run a series of programs or jobs allocated to it in a batch file (typically left running overnight).
The transaction file once it has reached the end of its period will copy its data into the master file which will carry out its operations without human interaction
What is a multi programming OS
This OS allows more than one program to be held in main memory at the same Time.
Although the CPU can only be running the code for one program at a time, it does allow it to have one program performing Input/Output operations while it is processing another or if time slicing is used it can give each process a fair allocation of its processor time. Usually involves either or both
Multi user / multi access OS
Another form of multi programming
OS handles several different programs running at once but these programs can be owned by different users attached to the computer from terminals. The processor again allocates time slices to each program so rsch program appears to be running at the same time
Often referred to as a time sharing system
Multi tasking OS
An example of multi programming
E.g. Windows 10, where there can be different programs in memory and appearing to run at the same time. Users can switch between tasks/applications. Obviously a single processor is actually only able to run one process at a time and a time-slice based scheduling policy is used
What are the 3 different modes of operation that an OS has
Batch processing
Real time systems - control
Real time systems - transaction processing
Batch processing
When the OS executes a series of jobs without any manual intervention
E.g. thousands of pay slips or gas bills could be printed out with no human interaction
Traditionally done overnight when the computers aren’t being used for anything else (can be scheduled to run automatically)
Simpler to operate than a real time system as transactions can be stored in the order received with all processing carried out later.
Batch processing doesn’t stop for anything, any errors are written to an error log for someone to deal with the next day
What are the 4 characteristics of real time systems
They support applications which are continuous (don’t have an end)
They have to deal with events that can occur simultaneously and unpredictably
Some real time systems are safety critical. They must be fail safe, and must guarantee a response within a given interval of time
2 types of real time systems:
Real time process control
Real time transaction processing
Real time control
One of the types of real time systems
E.g. Automatic pilot on aircraft, monitoring of the production of electricity in a nuclear power station, missile guidance system, controlling traffic lights
E.g.
The coordinates of the target are set
The missiles released along its trajectory
Wind, drag etc readings are fed into input
If off target the process recalculates the trajectory, speed, direction etc. Otherwise nothing changes (example of a feedback loop)
Inputs processed quickly, processing needs to be fast enough to deliver output in time and adjusts outputs accordingly to avoid accidents
Real time control
One of the types of real time systems
Form of info processing, certainly involving accessing and updating tables in a database as part of a transaction that needs to be dealt with immediately
Transaction consists of a small number of operations that all have to be carried out one after the other - if any steps fail the entire transaction fails
More complexity than batch system as issues such as double booking and temporarily allocating records need to be considered (theatre booking system example)
What are interrupts
a signal or message from a device or software to the operating system, which may cause a break in the execution of the current routine because it is requesting attention.
they are vital in the smooth running of a computer system