26 Lecture Olfactory/ Limbic

Question 1

What is the name of cells that project from the olfactory bulb to the cortex in the olfactory tract?

Answer 1

mitral cells

Question 2

What generally type of neuron is the olfactory cell?

Answer 2

bipolar neuron

Question 3

What two types of cells form from the basal cells?

Answer 3

olfactory cells or support cells

Question 4

Where does the olfactory sensation project back to?

Answer 4

olfactory cortex–the medial temporal lobe (paleocortex and transitional cortex) including the amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 5

What part of the thalamus does the olfactory cortex project to?

Answer 5

the mediodorsal thalamus, it continues afterward to the insular cortex, and the prefrontal cotex

Question 6

What bone is the cribiform plate located?

Answer 6

ethmoid

Question 7

Where does the mediodorsal thalamus project to?

Answer 7

the insular cortex (flavor) and orbitofrontal cortex (perception and discrimination of orders/pheramone)

Question 8

What are the three subdivisions of the limbic lobe?

Answer 8

septal, cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal (which includes the uncus)

Question 9

What is the pathway that projects from the hippocapus to the mammillary bodies?

Answer 9

fornix (parallels the lateral ventricles)

Question 10

What pathway connects the limbic cortex down to the medial temporal lobe and eventually to the hippocampus?

Answer 10

cingulate gyrus

Question 11

Describe the parts of the circular Papez circuit.

Answer 11

limbic cortex to singulate gyrus to hippocampus, hippocampus projects to the mamillary bodies via the fornix then the mammillary bodies project to the anterior nucleus via the mammillary thalamus tract, thalamus can project back o the limbic cortex

Question 12

What is the developmental area from which the hippocampus develops?

Answer 12

telencephalon (cortical structure)

Question 13

What type of cortex is the hippocampus in? How many layers does it have?

Answer 13

3 layers- archicortex

Question 14

What is the general cause epileptic seizures? (very general mechanism)

Answer 14

hypersensitive are of cortex where a current develops and travels, causing irregular firing patterns

Question 15

What are the two different types of memory?

Answer 15

explicit (declarative) or implicit (procedural, motor memory)

Question 16

Describe explicit memory- what is it, how is it gained, where is it formed and what diseases can affect it?

Answer 16

explicit memory is developed by the acquisition and retention of information, includes conscious recollection of previous experiences, fact and events and is acquired rapidly, is formed in the hippocampus and adjacent cortex, and can be affected by neurofibrillary tankless, amyloid plaque and alzheimer’s disease

Question 17

Describe implicit memory- what is it, how is it gained, where is it formed and what diseases can affect it?

Answer 17

a previous experience that aids in performance of task without conscious awareness of the previous experience, gained through skills, habits, is acquired slowly and developed in the basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 18

What is the name of the structure that connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus, ventral striatum and brain stem?

Answer 18

the stria terminali- important for reward centers

Question 19

What are the symptoms of Kluver -Bucy syndrome (bilateral medial temporal lobe resection)

Answer 19

tameness/lack of fear, hyperorality (put in mouth and try to digest, hyperphagia, hypersexuality and visual agnosia (failure to recognize familiar objects)

Question 20

What disease in humans contributes to damage of the medial temporal lobe?

Answer 20

urbach-Weithe disease: bilateral calcification of the amygadala… (patient SM is over enthusiastic and trouble of distinguishing fear)

Question 21

What is the function of amygdala?

Answer 21

detect emotions, especially fear, and discerning the strength, has developed as a tool for self preservation by recognizing dangerous situations

Question 22

What is meant by the parallel pathways of emotions?

Answer 22

the brain processes fear and anger through different pathways than those used to process other feelings such as enjoyment, happiness or sadness

Question 23

What circuitry is thought to be necessary for consolidation of memories?

Answer 23

intact Papez circuit that replays memories mostly through sleep before it is “saved” in the cortex

Question 24

What is the affect of cortisol on the hippocampus and amygdala? (both have cortisol receptors for the purpose of vigilance to danger)

Answer 24

it is important in cell death

Question 25

What emotion is conveyed by the connection between the amygdala and the hypothalamus?

Answer 25

visceral circuitry, especially fear and anxiety

Question 26

What is the function of connections between the amygdala and the hippocampus?

Answer 26

memories to avoid or prepare for the situation in the future

Question 27

What is the importance of circuitry between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex

Answer 27

amygdala for small reminders about planning and a reciprocal circuit to gabanergic cells in the amaydala tell the amydala to “chill out” — important for anxiety disorders and a target for benzodiazapam

Question 28

What the three types of brains in the triune model of brain development.

Answer 28

primitive brain (olfaction brainstem and cerebellum), intermediate brain (limbic system) and the rational brain (neocortex)