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Biology Module 2 > 2.6-cell division,diversity, organisation > Flashcards

2.6-cell division,diversity, organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

State what the cell cycle is and outline its stages

A

Regulates cycle of division with intermediate growth periods
Interphase
Mitosis or meiosis -nucleus dividing
Cytokinesis -cytoplasm dividing

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2
Q

What happens during interphase

A

G1- cell synthesis’s proteins for replication
S- DNA synthesises
G2-organelles divide

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3
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells
Growth
Cell repair,replace for tissues in multicellular organisms
Asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Name the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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5
Q

What happens during prophase

A

Chromosomes condenses -visible
Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell and firm spindle fibres so they can attach to centromere
Nuclear envelope break down

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6
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Chromosomes align to the cell equator

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7
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

Centromere divide causing sister chromatids of separate and pulled into opposite poles of cell

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8
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Chromosomes decondense -invisible

New nuclear envelope form

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9
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

Cell membrane cleavage furrow forms

Division of cytoplasm as cell surface membrane fuses in the middle

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10
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated

A

Check pours

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11
Q

What is meiosis

A

Cell division that produces four genetically different haploid cells known as gametes

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12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes with genes at the same locus

1 maternal and 1 paternal

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13
Q

What happens during meiosis I

A

Prophase -homologous pair to form bivalents
Crossing over -exchange of sections of generic material
Cell divides into two

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14
Q

What happens during meiosis II

A

Independent segregation of sister chromatids

Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells

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15
Q

How does meiosis produce generic variation

A

Crossing over during meiosis 1

Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and sister chromotids result in new combination of alleles

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16
Q

How do cells became specialised

A

Some genes are expressed
While others are silenced
All because of transcription
Cells produce protein that determine their structure and function

17
Q

What is a transcription factor

A

Protein that controls transcription of genes so that only certain parts of the DNA are expressed

18
Q

How do transcription factors work

A

Move from the cytoplasm into nucleus
Bind to promoter region upstream of target gene
Makes it easier or more difficult for RNA polymerase to bind to gene

19
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide indefinitely and turn into other specific cell types

20
Q

Name and define the 4 types of stem cell

A

Totipotent-develop into any cell type
Pluripotent -can develop into any cell type excluding placenta and embryo, form all tissue types
Multi potent-few different type of cells within a certain type of tissue
Unipotent -can only develop into one type of cell

21
Q

Describe 2 groups of specialised cells in blood

A

Erythrocytes -RBC biconcave shape, lots of haemoglobin to carry o2
Leucocytes-WBC lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils to engulf foreign materials

22
Q

State the relationship between a system and specialised cells

A

Specialised tissue ->tissue that perform
Specific function ->organs made of
Several tissue types->organ system

23
Q

Describe the structure of squamous and ciliated epithelia

A

Simple squamous epithelium -Single smooth layer of squamous cells fixed in place by basement membrane
Ciliated epithelium -made of ciliated epithelial cell

24
Q

Describe the S and F of palisade cells and guard cells in plants

A

Palisade cells -F-absorb light energy for photosynthesis, contain many chloroplast S-pack closely together
Guard cells
F-form stomata, when turgid open when flaccid closes
S-walls thickened by spirals of cellulose

25
Q

What are meristems

A

Totipotent undifferentiated plant cells that can develop into various types of plant cell, including xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes

26
Q

Describe the structure of phloem tissue

A

Sieve tube -form a tube to transport sucrose into the dissolved form of sap
Companion cells- involved in ATP production for active loading of sucrose into sieve tubes
Plasmodesmata -gaps between cell walls where cytoplasm links, allowing substances to flow

Biology Module 2 (6 decks)

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