2.5.1. Clinical Integration of Muscle Metabolism Flashcards
Our muscles use different energy sources at different times. Explain the two general ideas of energy consumption by muscles
- Glycogen is used immediately, but doesn’t last very long
2. Then our body relies on different sources of stored energy
They are redundant ways for our body to utilize energy and produce motile force. What are the three ways?
i. One is an immediate response that uses stores of ATP and phosphocreatine which doesn’t last very long
ii. An intermediate pathway (glycolysis) is anaerobic
iii. The third is long term energy system that is aerobic
What 5 things can nitric oxide do?
a. Dilate blood vessles
b. Reduce platelet stickiness
c. Reduce monocyte stickiness (prevents formation of plaque)
d. Reduce multiplication of smooth muscle cells of the artery wall
e. Reduce release of superoxide radicals
Increase in nitric oxide availability = Decrease in what?
acetylcholine vasoconstrictor response
The cause of nearly all of the lifestyle-related vascular disease can be narrowed down to what?
endothelial dysfunction
Exercise increases the production of superoxide dismutase which does what?
neutralizes superoxides
What is ectopic fat?
Triglycerides in cells of non-adipose tissue
Effect of exercise on ROS?
Eliminates ROS by reducing oxidative stress
Effect of exercise on hormonal control of adipocytes?
Positively affects the hormonal control of adipocytes by reducing insulin resistance
Effect of exercise on the inflammatory response?
Reduces the inflammatory response
Effect of exercise on type 2 Diabetes?
Exercise decrease blood glucose concentrations by increasing glucose uptake into skeletal muscles
AMP directly or indirectly (via AMP-PK) activates what?
a. Glucose transport into cell
b. Glycolysis
c. Glycogenolysis
d. FA transport into mitochondria
Exercise leads to an increase or decrease of ADP and AMP?
Increase
An increase in ADP causes what effect on ATP synthase?
Increase
An increase in ADP causes what effect on flow of H+ into the matrix?
Increase
An increase in ADP causes what effect on the rate of ETC?
Increase
An increase in ADP causes what effect on the rate of NADH oxidation?
Increase
An increase in ADP causes what effect on the ratio of NADH/NAD?
Decrease
An increase in ADP causes what effect on the rate of reactions using NAD as a substrate and/or allosteric activator? What are two reactions that fall into this category?
↑ in the rate of all reactions using NAD as a substrate and/or allosteric activator:
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- Rxs of TCA cycle
Two general effects of an increase in AMP?
Stimulates FA oxidation
Stimulates CHO metabolism
How does an increase in AMP stimulate FA oxidation?
- Activation of AMP-PK
- Inhibition of ACC
- Decrease in malonyl CoA
- Decreased inhibition of CPTI
- ↑ FA transport into matrix
How does an increase in AMP stimulate CHO metabolism?
- Activates PFK-1
- Activates glycogen breakdown
- Activates glucose transport
Exercise improves our ability to fight cancer. How?
Enhances the following:
i. Tumor suppressor genes
ii. DNA repair
iii. Cell cycle pathways
Effect of exercise on brain plasticity?
Exercise positively regulates the factors that lead to better brain plasticity
Exercise negatively regulates the factors that decrease brain plasticity
Add exercise = upregulation of these two cell types in the brain
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Exercise effect on Alzheimer’s?
Exercise downregulates factors that increase the risk and rate of progression of alzheimer’s
Effect of overtraining on immune system?
Causes immunosuppression
