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MSK Week 5 > 2.5.1. Clinical Integration of Muscle Metabolism > Flashcards

2.5.1. Clinical Integration of Muscle Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Our muscles use different energy sources at different times. Explain the two general ideas of energy consumption by muscles

A
  1. Glycogen is used immediately, but doesn’t last very long

2. Then our body relies on different sources of stored energy

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2
Q

They are redundant ways for our body to utilize energy and produce motile force. What are the three ways?

A

i. One is an immediate response that uses stores of ATP and phosphocreatine which doesn’t last very long
ii. An intermediate pathway (glycolysis) is anaerobic
iii. The third is long term energy system that is aerobic

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3
Q

What 5 things can nitric oxide do?

A

a. Dilate blood vessles
b. Reduce platelet stickiness
c. Reduce monocyte stickiness (prevents formation of plaque)
d. Reduce multiplication of smooth muscle cells of the artery wall
e. Reduce release of superoxide radicals

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4
Q

Increase in nitric oxide availability = Decrease in what?

A

acetylcholine vasoconstrictor response

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5
Q

The cause of nearly all of the lifestyle-related vascular disease can be narrowed down to what?

A

endothelial dysfunction

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6
Q

Exercise increases the production of superoxide dismutase which does what?

A

neutralizes superoxides

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7
Q

What is ectopic fat?

A

Triglycerides in cells of non-adipose tissue

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8
Q

Effect of exercise on ROS?

A

Eliminates ROS by reducing oxidative stress

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9
Q

Effect of exercise on hormonal control of adipocytes?

A

Positively affects the hormonal control of adipocytes by reducing insulin resistance

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10
Q

Effect of exercise on the inflammatory response?

A

Reduces the inflammatory response

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11
Q

Effect of exercise on type 2 Diabetes?

A

Exercise decrease blood glucose concentrations by increasing glucose uptake into skeletal muscles

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12
Q

AMP directly or indirectly (via AMP-PK) activates what?

A

a. Glucose transport into cell
b. Glycolysis
c. Glycogenolysis
d. FA transport into mitochondria

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13
Q

Exercise leads to an increase or decrease of ADP and AMP?

A

Increase

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14
Q

An increase in ADP causes what effect on ATP synthase?

A

Increase

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15
Q

An increase in ADP causes what effect on flow of H+ into the matrix?

A

Increase

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16
Q

An increase in ADP causes what effect on the rate of ETC?

A

Increase

17
Q

An increase in ADP causes what effect on the rate of NADH oxidation?

A

Increase

18
Q

An increase in ADP causes what effect on the ratio of NADH/NAD?

A

Decrease

19
Q

An increase in ADP causes what effect on the rate of reactions using NAD as a substrate and/or allosteric activator? What are two reactions that fall into this category?

A

↑ in the rate of all reactions using NAD as a substrate and/or allosteric activator:

  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  2. Rxs of TCA cycle
20
Q

Two general effects of an increase in AMP?

A

Stimulates FA oxidation

Stimulates CHO metabolism

21
Q

How does an increase in AMP stimulate FA oxidation?

A
  1. Activation of AMP-PK
  2. Inhibition of ACC
  3. Decrease in malonyl CoA
  4. Decreased inhibition of CPTI
  5. ↑ FA transport into matrix
22
Q

How does an increase in AMP stimulate CHO metabolism?

A
  1. Activates PFK-1
  2. Activates glycogen breakdown
  3. Activates glucose transport
23
Q

Exercise improves our ability to fight cancer. How?

A

Enhances the following:

i. Tumor suppressor genes
ii. DNA repair
iii. Cell cycle pathways

24
Q

Effect of exercise on brain plasticity?

A

Exercise positively regulates the factors that lead to better brain plasticity
Exercise negatively regulates the factors that decrease brain plasticity

25
Q

Add exercise = upregulation of these two cell types in the brain

A

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

26
Q

Exercise effect on Alzheimer’s?

A

Exercise downregulates factors that increase the risk and rate of progression of alzheimer’s

27
Q

Effect of overtraining on immune system?

A

Causes immunosuppression

MSK Week 5 (7 decks)

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