25 Mark Essay topics Flashcards
Describe how inorganic ions are used in living organisms
- nitrogen cycles
- action potentials + nerve impulses -> receptors convert stimuli into electrical impulses (e.g paciacian corpuscles)
- respiration and ATP (phosphate)
- photosynthesis uses energy to synthesis organic molecules from inorganic sources -> Calvin Cycle
- fertilisers and plant growth
- hydrogen ions affect pH -> affects enzymes
Importance of cycles in biology
- Nutrient cycle -> phosphorus + nitrogen
- The cardiac cycle
- The Calvin Cycle
- The Kreb Cycle
-> synthesis of ATP from ADP
How energy is transferred within and between organisms
- Photosynthesis
- Energy transfer through ecosystems
- Digestion (food for fuel)
- Respiration
- ATP
- Nerve impulses
Importance of nitrogen-containing substances in biological substances
- ATP
- Nitrogen cycle
- Photosynthesis
???
The importance of DNA as an information-carrying molecule
- Structure of DNA
- DNA
- Cell division - mitosis and meiosis -> Genetic diversity
- Mutation
- Transcription and translation
- Inheritance
- Altering the bases in DNA can alter structure of proteins
The importance of DNA and its use in gene technologies
The structure and function of carbohydrates
- Diasaccharide - condensation/ hydrolysis / glycosidic bonds
- Energy Source - e.g glycogen used in respiration to provide energy -> structure of glycogen
- Photosynthesis - formation of carbs/ glucose
- Starch -> main energy storage material in plants (amylopectin + amylose) -> link to being a polysaccharide
- Structural e.g cellulose
- Transport e.g sucrose in pholem
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells in the organisms
- Enzyme properties and digestion
- Protein structure - primary, secondary etc
- Antigens, antibodies, B cells & C cells -> Vaccines
- Structure of DNA - complementary base pairings
- Action potentials & synaptic transmissions
Describe how the structures of different polymers are related to their functions
- Biological molecules - carbs/ proteins
- Release of energy from carbs
- Enzymes
- DNA - Structure
- Principles of immunology
- Transport of respiratory gases -> haemoglobin
Importance of hydrogen bonds in living organisms
- Passage of water through a plant - cohesion-tension mechanism
- Structure of proteins/ starch/ carbs
- DNA
- Gene technology
- Enzymes
The importance of bonds and bonding in organisms
- DNA REPLICATION -> How replication occurs -importance of hydrogen bonds in DNA.
- CARBOHYDRATES -> glycosidic bond forms. Cellulose vs Glycogen structure
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS - process of forming peptide bonds from mRNA from tRNA
- ATP - phosphate bonds and the role they play in releasing energy
- SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - bonding of neurotransmitter to receptor
The importance of water in organisms
- Properties of water
- Temperature control (high specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, high surface tension)
- Water potential and osmosis
- Solvent for a chemical reaction (how water acts as a solvent)
- Photolysis
- Condensation and hydrolysis
The different ways in which organisms use ATP
- Active transport
- Maintaining resting potential (sodium potassium pup)
- Respiration
- Light independent reactions of photosynthesis (Calvin)
- Re-synthesis of acetylcholine and rhodopsin
Importance of responses to changes in the internal and external environment of an organism
- Transport in and out of cells (of specific substances)
- ## Taxes and kineses
Importance of diffusion in organisms
The importance of the control of movement in cells and organisms
The importance of interactions between cells between organisms
The functions of enzymes and their importance in organism
The importance of ions in metabolic processes
