25 Mark Essay topics Flashcards
Describe how inorganic ions are used in living organisms
- nitrogen cycles
- action potentials + nerve impulses -> receptors convert stimuli into electrical impulses (e.g paciacian corpuscles)
- respiration and ATP (phosphate)
- photosynthesis uses energy to synthesis organic molecules from inorganic sources -> Calvin Cycle
- fertilisers and plant growth
- hydrogen ions affect pH -> affects enzymes
Importance of cycles in biology
- Nutrient cycle -> phosphorus + nitrogen
- The cardiac cycle
- The Calvin Cycle
- The Kreb Cycle
-> synthesis of ATP from ADP
How energy is transferred within and between organisms
- Photosynthesis
- Energy transfer through ecosystems
- Digestion (food for fuel)
- Respiration
- ATP
- Nerve impulses
Importance of nitrogen-containing substances in biological substances
- ATP
- Nitrogen cycle
- Photosynthesis
???
The importance of DNA as an information-carrying molecule
- Structure of DNA
- DNA
- Cell division - mitosis and meiosis -> Genetic diversity
- Mutation
- Transcription and translation
- Inheritance
- Altering the bases in DNA can alter structure of proteins
The importance of DNA and its use in gene technologies
The structure and function of carbohydrates
- Diasaccharide - condensation/ hydrolysis / glycosidic bonds
- Energy Source - e.g glycogen used in respiration to provide energy -> structure of glycogen
- Photosynthesis - formation of carbs/ glucose
- Starch -> main energy storage material in plants (amylopectin + amylose) -> link to being a polysaccharide
- Structural e.g cellulose
- Transport e.g sucrose in pholem
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells in the organisms
- Enzyme properties and digestion
- Protein structure - primary, secondary etc
- Antigens, antibodies, B cells & C cells -> Vaccines
- Structure of DNA - complementary base pairings
- Action potentials & synaptic transmissions
Describe how the structures of different polymers are related to their functions
- Biological molecules - carbs/ proteins
- Release of energy from carbs
- Enzymes
- DNA - Structure
- Principles of immunology
- Transport of respiratory gases -> haemoglobin
Importance of hydrogen bonds in living organisms
- Passage of water through a plant - cohesion-tension mechanism
- Structure of proteins/ starch/ carbs
- DNA
- Gene technology
- Enzymes
The importance of bonds and bonding in organisms
- DNA REPLICATION -> How replication occurs -importance of hydrogen bonds in DNA.
- CARBOHYDRATES -> glycosidic bond forms. Cellulose vs Glycogen structure
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS - process of forming peptide bonds from mRNA from tRNA
- ATP - phosphate bonds and the role they play in releasing energy
- SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - bonding of neurotransmitter to receptor
The importance of water in organisms
- Properties of water
- Temperature control (high specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, high surface tension)
- Water potential and osmosis
- Solvent for a chemical reaction (how water acts as a solvent)
- Photolysis
- Condensation and hydrolysis
The different ways in which organisms use ATP
- Active transport
- Maintaining resting potential (sodium potassium pup)
- Respiration
- Light independent reactions of photosynthesis (Calvin)
- Re-synthesis of acetylcholine and rhodopsin
Importance of responses to changes in the internal and external environment of an organism
- Transport in and out of cells (of specific substances)
- ## Taxes and kineses
Importance of diffusion in organisms
