2.5 Hydrocarbons Flashcards
heterolytic bond fission
a bond is broken and one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons from the covalent bond, ions are formed
electrophile
an electron-deficient species that can accept a lone pair of electrons
nucleophile
a species with a lone pair of electrons that can be donated to an electron-deficient species
reflux
a process of continuous evaporation and condensation
pi bond
sideways overlap of p orbital
polymerisation
the joining of a very large number of monomer molecules to make a long chain polymer molecules
elimination reaction
involves the loss of a small molecule to produce a double bond
what are the 3 mechanisms in unit 2
free radical substitution
electrophilic addition
nucleophilic substitution
sigma bond
involve both s electrons and one of the p electrons in each carbon
overlap of s or p orbitals
homolytic bond fission
a bond is broken and each of the bonded atoms receives one of the bond electrons
a radical
a species with an unpaired electron
substitution reaction
one atom/group is replaced by another atom/group
initiation
the reaction that starts the process. a molecule is turned into 2 radicals
propagation
the reaction by which the process continues. a molecule reacts with a radical to make a new molecule and a new radical
termination
the reaction that ends the process. 2 radicals react to make a molecule
