(25) Developmental Theories Flashcards
Freud viewed newborn as “_______________”, an
inherently selfish creature driven by Instincts
seething cauldron
These are inborn biological forces that motivate behavior.
Instincts
It is the power of instincts and other inner forces to influence our behavior without out awareness
unconscious motivation
Freud’s negative view of human is that they are ______________ and ____________.
selfish and aggressive
It is the pleasure principle, impulsive, irrational, selfish, seeks immediate gratification
Id
It is the reality principle, rational, finds realistic way to gratify instincts
Ego
It emerges during infancy when psychic energy is diverted from the id to energize cognitive processes
Ego
It is the morality principle, individual’s
internalized moral standards
Superego
It develops from the ego as 3-6 years old internalize the moral standards and values of their parents
Superego
According to Freud, the healthy personality is a balance of
id, ego, and superego
According to Freud, _____________ arise when the individual’s supply of psychic energy is unevenly distributed among the id, ego, and superego
Psychological problems
It is an arrest in development that can show up in adult personality; libido remains tied to an earlier stage of development
Fixation
During this stage, a child experiences anxiety and the need to defend against it
Oral stage
If denied oral gratification by not being fed on demand or being weaned too early, oral fixation may manifest in adults through:
being alcoholic, smoking, overeating, Pica, nail biting, thumb sucking
If the parents are too strict during the anal stage, the child may develop anal-retentive personality, such as being
perfectionist, orderly, tidy
If the parents are too lenient during this stage, the child may develop anal-expulsive personality, such as
lack of self-control, messy, careless
During this stage, youngsters develop an incestuous desire for the parent of the other sex and must defend against it
Phallic stage
It is when a boy loves his mother, fears that his father will retaliate by castrating him, and resolves the conflicts through identification with his father
Oedipus Complex
It is when a girl having desire with her father, seeing her mother as a rival.
Electra Complex
It is when the son believes his father knows
about his desire for his mother and fears that his father will castrate him.
Castration Anxeity
It is when a girl wants a penis as she desires her father
Penis Envy
This is the stage when sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies
Latency stage
It is the stage when physical sexual urges reawaken repressed needs, direct sexual feelings towards others lead to sexual gratification, may have difficulty accepting their new sexuality, therefore, reexperiencing conflict towards their parents and distance themselves to defend against anxiety-producing feelings
Genitals Stage
According to Freud, this formed from unconscious childhood conflicts between the inborn urges of the id and the requirements of civilized life
Personality
This is when ego adapts unconscious
coping devices
Defense Mechanisms
A defense mechanism wherein unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed back into the unconscious
Repression
A woman who experienced sexual harassment cannot recall what happened to her. What is the defense mechanism?
Repression
A defense mechanism wherein they are behaving as if they were at an earlier stage of development.
Regression
Your father throws a tantrum when he was left alone at home. What is the defense mechanism?
Regression
A defense mechanism in which the expression of an unwanted feeling
or mere thought is redirected from a more threatening, powerful person to a weaker one
Displacement
An employee shouted at his child after being scolded by his boss. What is the defense mechanism?
Displacement
A defense mechanism in which people distort reality in order to justify something that has happened.
Rationalization
A swimming athlete who lost her competition took her loss as something she expected anyways, and she did not want the trophy. What is the defense mechanism?
Rationalization
A defense mechanism wherein people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information.
Denial
A widow never accepted that her husband died in an accident. What is the defense mechanism?
Denial
A defense mechanism wherein people attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else
Projection
A woman fat-shamed another woman because she is insecure about her body. What is the defense mechanism?
Projection
It is a defense mechanism in which people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Sublimation
An angry man jogged instead to cool down his anger. What is the defense mechanism?
Sublimation
It is a defense mechanism in which unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness
Reaction-Formation
A mother who unconsciously resent her child, acts lovingly consciously. What is the defense mechanism?
Reaction-Formation
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during infancy.
Trust vs. Mistrust
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during toddlerhood
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during Early Childhood
Initiative vs. Guilt
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during middle and late childhood
Industry vs. Inferiority
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during adolescence
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during young adulthood
Intimacy vs. Isolation
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during middle adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation
According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this is the crisis during late adulthood
Integrity vs. Despair
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of trust vs. mistrust.
Hope
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
Will
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of initiative vs. guilt.
Purpose
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of industry vs. inferiority
Competence
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of identity vs. identity confusion
Fidelity
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of intimacy vs. isolation
Love
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of generativity vs. stagnation
Care
This is the virtue that will emerge when they successfully resolve the conflict of integrity vs. despair
Wisdom
The _______________________ emphasized the influence of society on the developing personality.
Psychosocial Theory
In psychosocial theory, this is the major psychosocial challenge that is particularly important at that time and will remain an issue to some degree throughout the rest of life
Crisis
It is the conventional, culturally preferred timing of important life events
Social clock
For him, development is a lifelong process.
Erik Erikson
Piaget viewed______________ as a process that helps an organism adapt to its environment
intelligence
Children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences
Constructivism
In the theory of _____________ of Jean Piaget, development is the product of children’s attempts to understand and act upon their world.
Cognitive Development
According to him, we have an inborn ability to adapt to the environment.
Jean Piaget
Cognitive growth occurs through 3 related processes:
Organization, Adaptation, Equilibration
According to Jean Piaget, it is our tendency to create categories.
Organization
According to Jean Piaget, this is how children handle new information in light of what they already know
Adaptation
According to Jean Piaget, it is when children want what they understand of the world to match what they observe around them
Equilibration
He provided rough benchmarks for what to expect of children at various ages and has helped educators design curricula appropriate to varying levels of development
Jean Piaget
The four stages of cognitive development by Piaget
- Sensorimotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
The first stage of Cognitive Development wherein children constantly assimilate and accommodate as they seek equilibrium
Sensorimotor
This is when an infant learns to reproduce
events originally discovered by chance.
Circular Reactions
(mental framework) Actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects.
Schemes
It occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information.
Assimilation
It occurs when children adjust their
schemes to take new information and experiences into account
Accomodation
It is grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order system
Organization
cognitive conflict, when their understanding of the world does not match what they observe.
Disequilibrium
Children shift from one stage of thought to the next as they continuously resolve disequilibrium.
Equilibration
What are the substages of Sensorimotor?
- Use of Reflexes (Birth to 1 month)
- Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
- Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
- Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8-12 months)
- Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
- Mental Combinations.
A substage of sensorimotor wherein they exercise their inborn reflexes and gain some control over them
Use of reflexes
A newborn automatically sucks on a finger due to the sucking reflex. What substage of sensorimotor is this?
Use of reflex
A substage of sensorimotor wherein infants repeat pleasurable behaviors that first occur by chance, begin to coordinate sensory information and grasp objects. They also turn towards the sounds.
Primary Circular Reactions (pleasure)
A substage of sensorimotor wherein infants repeat actions that brings interesting results. They also learn about causality
Secondary Circular Reactions
A substage of sensorimotor wherein infants coordinate previously learned schemes and use previously learned behaviors to attain their goals. They can now also anticipate events
Coordination of Secondary Schemes
A substage of sensorimotor wherein infants purposefully vary their actions to see results. They actively explore the world and use trial and error in solving problems
Tertiary Circular Reactions (exploration)
A substage of sensorimotor wherein infants can think about events and anticipate consequences without always resorting action. They can use symbols such as gestures and words and can pretend.
Mental Combinations
A substage of sensorimotor that serves as the transition to Pre-operational stage. This is also when they learn about numbers.
Mental Combinations
A baby accidentally discovers they can suck their thumb and finds it soothing. They repeat this action for comfort. What substage of sensorimotor is this?
Primary Circular Reactions
A baby shakes rattle repeatedly because they enjoy the sound it makes. Their focus shifts to interacting with the environment. What substage of sensorimotor is this?
Secondary Circular Reactions
A baby learns to move a blanket aside to retrieve a hidden toy. What substage of sensorimotor is this?
Coordination of Secondary Schemes (usage of previously learned info)
A toddler experiments by dropping a spoon from different heights. What substage of sensorimotor is this?
Tertiary Circular Reactions
A toddler wants to get a cookie from a jar placed on a high counter. After observing their surroundings, they push a chair to the counter, climb onto it, and reach for the jar. What substage of sensorimotor is this?
Mental Combinations
It is the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental picture
Representational Ability
Imitation that uses body parts that babies can see (e.g. clapping hands)
Visible Imitation
Imitation that involves with parts of the body that babies cannot see
Invisible Imitation
Reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time
Deferred Imitation
The realization that something
continues to exist when out of sight
Object permanence
It is a proposal that children under age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time
Dual Representation Hypothesis
This is Jean Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development lasting from ages 2 to 7, characterized by the expansion in the use of symbolic thought
Pre-operational
A stage of Cognitive Development in which we are dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
Pre-operational
Children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings
Symbolic thought
These are reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically
Operations
It is the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior
Preoperational Thought
It is the ability to think about something in the absence of sensory or motor cues
Symbolic Thought
children imitate an action at some point after observing it
Deferred Imitation
fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginary play; children use an object to represent something else
Pretend Play
The most extensive use of symbolic function is ___________
language
It is beginning to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (without logical reasoning)
Intuitive Thought
They mentally link two events, especially events close in time, whether or not here is logically a causal relationship
Transduction
The concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change in outward form, size, or appearance
Identities
It is the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive
Animism
It is the tendency to focus on one aspect of
a situation and neglect others
Centration
Young children center so much on their own point of view that they cannot take in another’s
Egocentricism
The awareness of the broad range of human mental states – beliefs, intents, desires, dreams, and so forth – and the understanding that others have their own
Theory of Mind
The fact that two things are equal remain so if their appearance is altered, as long as nothing is added or taken away
Conservation
A child might believe that because they were rude to their sibling and it later rained, their bad behavior caused the rain. What concept of the pre-operational stage is this?
Transduction
A child might be confused when their mom takes off her glasses and hairpins and believes that someone else (not their mom) has come into the room. What concept of the pre-operational stage is this?
Identities
A child talks to a teddy bear and tells it to stop being sad, or says that their toy car “wants” to go for a ride. What concept of the pre-operational stage is this?
Animism
A child may focus on the height of liquid in a glass, ignoring the width of the glass, and believe that a tall, narrow glass holds more liquid than a short, wide one, even when both contain the same amount. They focus on only one dimension (height) while overlooking other relevant details (width). What concept of the pre-operational stage is this?
Centration
A 4-year-old might cover their eyes during a game of hide-and-seek and assume that because they can’t see others, the others can’t see them either. What concept of the pre-operational stage is this?
Egocentrism
Piaget believed that children cannot ____________ (think about several aspects of a situation at a time).
Decenter
It is the failure to understand that an action can go in two or more directions
Irreversibility
At about 7 years of age, children enter the stage of ______________ according to Jean Piaget. Children can now think logically because they can take multiple aspects of situations into account. However, their thinking is still limited to real situations in the here and now
Concrete Operations
A concept in concrete operational stage wherein children arrange objects in a series according to one or more dimensions.
Seriation
A concept in concrete operational stage wherein children have the ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts, and to understand categories within a whole
Class Inclusion
A child is given several sticks of different lengths and asked to arrange them from shortest to longest. They can successfully line up the sticks in a sequence based on their length. What concept of the concrete operational stage is this?
Seriation
If a child is told that “John is taller than Tim” and “Tim is taller than Jim,” they can infer that “John is taller than Jim” without directly measuring John and Jim together. What concept of the concrete operational stage is this?
Transitive Inference
A child is shown a collection of 10 red apples and 5 green apples. When asked, “Are there more apples or red apples?” a child can understand that there are more apples than red apples, because red apples are a subset of the larger category. What concept of the concrete operational stage is this?
Class Inclusion
A type of reasoning that involves making
observations about particular members of a class of people, animals, objects, or events, and then drawing conclusions about the class as a whole {specific > general conclusion}
Inductive Reasoning
A type of reasoning that starts with a general
statement about a class and applies it to particular members of the class {general conclusions application}
Deductive Reasoning
Piaget believed that children in the concrete
operations stage only used this type of reasoning.
inductive reasoning
This is a principle in concrete operational in which the child knows that it can still be the same object even though it has different appearance.
Principle of Identity
This is a principle in concrete operational in which the child can understand that certain operations can be reversed.
Principle of Reversibility
If you show a child two identical clay balls and then roll one into a long sausage shape, the child will understand that both shapes still have the same amount of clay. What principle is this on the concrete operational stage?
Principle of Identity
If a child sees that a toy is put together and later taken apart, they will recognize that the toy can be reassembled in the same way it was before.
Principle of Reversibility
Adolescents enter what Piaget called the highest level of cognitive development. Adolescents move away from their reliance on concrete, real-world stimuli, and develop the capacity for abstract thought. This usually happens around 11 yrs old. They can now use symbols to represent other symbols, hidden messages, imagine possibilities, create hypotheses.
Formal operational stage
It is a methodical, scientific approach to problem solving, and it characterizes formal operations thinking.
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
According to ____________, the new way of thinking of adolescents, the way they look at themselves and their world, is as unfamiliar to them as their reshaped bodies, and they sometimes feel just awkward in its use
David Elkind
Adolescents can think about thinking – their own and the other people’s thoughts
Self-Consciousness
This is a conceptualized “observer” who is concerned with a young person’s thoughts and behavior as he or she is
Imaginary Audiences
In formal operational stage, this is belief that they are special, their experience is unique, and they are not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world
Personal Fable
It is a decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems: verbatim analytical (more detailed, literal, and facts) and gist-intuitional (broader and more general), which operate in parallel
Fuzzy-Trace Theory Dual-Process Model
These are the three levels of Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg
Level I: Preconventional Morality
Level II: Conventional Morality
Level III: Postconventional Morality
These are the two stages in Level I: Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
These are the two stages in Level II: Conventional Morality
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationship
Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
These are the two stages in Level III: Postconventional Morality
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Principles
In this stage of Moral Development, the child/individual is good to AVOID PUNISHMENT because punishment equates, they must have done something wrong.
“What will happen to me if I do this?”
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
In this stage of Moral Development, children recognize that there is not just one right view
that is handed down by authorities. They conform to rules out of self-interest and consideration what others can do for them.
“You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
In this stage of Moral Development, the child is good in order to be seen as a good person by others. Approval of others is important.
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationship
In this stage of Moral Development, the child becomes aware of the rules of the society, so judgement concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt. Law is law.
Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
In this stage of Moral Development, the child becomes aware that while rules might exist for the betterment of everyone, there are times you have to bend the law for self-interests. Goodness of all.
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
In this stage of Moral Development, people developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. They do what they think is right regardless of legal restrictions or opinion of others. Whatever other people would say.
Stage 6: Universal Principles
Donating to the victims of the recent typhoon and posting it on social media so everyone knows they did something good. What stage of Moral Development is shown here?
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationship
Crossing the pedestrian crossing or going on a full stop when the traffic light turned red. What stage of Moral Development is shown here?
Stage 4: Maintaining of Social Order
Some lawyers study the law so in case they need it, they can find a loophole and they won’t be convicted. Some laws are unfair and unjust. What stage of Moral Development is shown here?
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
LGBTQIA++ community are still being discriminated and just tolerated by the society, but certain someone thinks that they deserve better. Thus, they do everything to recognize the rights of the people of the minority. What stage of Moral Development is shown here?
Stage 6: Universal Principles
In Moral Development Theory, people consider the effect of their actions not only on other people but on the universe as a whole
Cosmic stage
Kohlberg’s System is biased against ____________________
non-western cultures
Only _______% of adults reach Level III of Morality
20%
Carol Gilligan claimed that this theory is very sexist and biased against women.
Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Carol Gilligan, women prioritize an “_____________” as their sense of morality evolves along with their sense of self
ethics of care
This is the application of principles of
logic to moral issues in order to decide which actions are right or wrong, just or unfair.
Moral Reasoning
This is the type of morality in which children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. They also only consider the consequences, not the intentions.
Heteronomous Morality (Moral Realism)
This is concept that if a rule is broken,
punishment will happen immediately
Immanent Justice
This is a morality in which people become aware with the rules and laws created by people, and in judging an action, they consider the intentions as well as the consequences.
Autonomous Morality (Moral Relativism)
According to this model, to understand development, we must see the child within the context of multiple environments surrounding
Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner
In the Ecological Model, this is the system that has a direct contact with the child. Other people can influence the child and their
environment and can also change the beliefs and actions of other people. It is also very personal and crucial for fostering and supporting the child’s development
Microsystem
Example of this system in the Ecological Model are interactions with friends, family, school, and peers.
Microsystem
In the Ecological Model, this pertains to the linkages between home and school or between the family or peer groups (events that links the microsystems). This can also refer to the interaction between child’s microsystems.
Mesosystem
A child’s teacher is communicating with her parents to track the child’s progress at school. What system is this in Bronfrenbenner’s Ecological Model?
Mesosystem
In the Ecological Model, this is the system that incorporates other formal and informal social
structures, which do not themselves contain the child but indirectly influence them as these social structures affect one of the microsystem. The child is not involved and are external to their experience but nonetheless affect them anyway.
Exosystem
Examples of this system of Ecological Model are: family composition, place of residence, or parents’ employment, and larger events
Exosystem
These are overarching cultural patterns such as dominants beliefs, ideologies, and economic and political systems
Macrosystem
This system of Ecological Model includes the dimension of time. It consists of all environmental changes that occur over the lifetime that influence development, including major life transitions and historical events. This also includes non-normative events (unexpected events).
Chronosystem
