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Psychology- Experimnental research Methods > 25- > Flashcards

25- Flashcards

1
Q

What is opportunity sampling

A

Anyone in the vicinity who is willing and available

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2
Q

What is target population

A

The group of people the researcher wishes to generalise their findings to

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3
Q

What is random sampling

A

All members of the target population have an equal chance of being selected

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4
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Reflects the proportions of people in subgroups of the target population

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5
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Every nth number of the target population is selected

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6
Q

What is volunteer sampling

A

A self selected sample- often replying to an advert

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7
Q

What is informed consent

A

Permission from the participant or the parent to use them and their data

They should be informed of anything that may affect their willingness to participate

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8
Q

What is retrospective consent

A

Ask them at the end of the study

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9
Q

What is presumptive consent

A

Ask a similar cohort

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10
Q

What is prior general

A

Agree to take part in studies as a general principle

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11
Q

What does the BPS code of conduct say

A

Respect, competence, responsibility and integrity

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12
Q

What does the ethics committee do

A

They weight up costs (harm to participants) and benefits( value of research) before deciding whether a study should go ahead- known as a cost benefit analysis

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13
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Non- numerical data expressed in words

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14
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Numerical data

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15
Q

What is primary data

A

First hand data collected for the purpose of the investigation

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16
Q

What is secondary data

A

Collected by someone other than the person who is conducting the research

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17
Q

Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative data

A

Qualitative-rich in detail but is difficult to analyse

Quantitative- easier to analyse and identify patterns but less detail

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18
Q

What is nominal data

A

Qualitative values- usually tallied

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19
Q

What is ordinal data

A

Scaled or ranked data which will have subjective ratings

20
Q

What is interval data

A

Ranked data with an equal measurement intervals/ standardised measurements and units, can go into the negatives

21
Q

What is ratio data

A

Ranked data will equal measurement intervals/ standardised measurements and units. Includes an absolute zero

22
Q

What central tendency should be used for nominal data

A

Mode

23
Q

What central tendency should be used for ordinal data

A

Median

24
Q

What central tendency should be used for interval level

A

Mean

25
Q

How do you calculate range

A

The highest value minus the lowest value +1

26
Q

What percentage of values fall between one standard deviation

A

68%

27
Q

What percentage of values fall between two standard deviations

A

95%

28
Q

What is standard deviation

A

The average spread of values around the mean

29
Q

Describe negatively skewed distribution

A

Most of the distribution is concentration to the right so tail of anomalous scores on the left

30
Q

Describe positively skewed distribution

A

Most of the distribution is to the left so long tail of anomalous scores on the right

31
Q

What is the significance of p<or equal to 0.05

A

The probability of the behaviour happening again is equal or more than 95% to convey significant findings so it cannot be a fluke or coincidence

32
Q

What probability should medical research use

A

P<or equal to 0.01

33
Q

What is a type one error

A

False positive-the belief that there is a significant difference/ correlation. (Rejecting the null hypothesis when we shouldn’t because it is true)

34
Q

What is a type two error

A

False negative-belief that there is no significant difference or correlation when there is. (Accepting a null hypothesis when we shouldn’t because it isn’t true)

35
Q

Methods of avoiding/reducing type one and two errors

A

-making the significance levels stricter reduces the chance of a type one error but will increase the chance of a type two error
-increasing sample size also increases validity

36
Q

What is an inferential statistical test

A

This is where a statistical test is used to determine whether a difference found in the results of an investigation is statistically significant and cannot have occurred by chance. We can infer from that the results of this investigation can then be generalised to the population

37
Q

What factors are needed for Parametric

A

-interval/ratio data
-conforms to a normal distribution
-spread of data is not significantly large

38
Q

What does Carrots Should Come Mashed With Swede Under Roast Potatoes

A

Chi squared, sign test, chi squared, Mann Whitney, Wilcoxon, spearman’s, Unrelated T, related T, Pearsons

39
Q

When do you use a sign test

A

Nominal data, looking for differences, repeated measures or matched pairs design

40
Q

What should be in a report of psychological investigations-8

A

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Appendices

41
Q

What is the order for writing references

A

Author, year, title, edition
Place, publisher

42
Q

What is a peer review

A

The evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producer of the work. They often recommend the research to be accepted, rejected or revised. Must be carried out objectively by reviewers who do not know the author

43
Q

What are the three main purpose of peer review

A

Allocation of research funding- must go to worthwhile studies

Publication of research into academic journals and books

Assessing the research rating of university departments-number of publication and quality of journals

44
Q

Positives of peer review

A

Protects the quality of the work- minimises fraud and increases the credibility of psychology as a science

45
Q

Negatives of peer review

A

-competition for research fundings may create biased reviews-may bury research that contradicts their own

-publication bias towards exciting findings may cause file-drawer problems, tends to publish positive results

-does not always spot the mistakes

Psychology- Experimnental research Methods (2 decks)

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