25- Flashcards by Sarah Tidmus

What is opportunity sampling

Anyone in the vicinity who is willing and available

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What is target population

The group of people the researcher wishes to generalise their findings to

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What is random sampling

All members of the target population have an equal chance of being selected

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What is stratified sampling

Reflects the proportions of people in subgroups of the target population

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What is systematic sampling

Every nth number of the target population is selected

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What is volunteer sampling

A self selected sample- often replying to an advert

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What is informed consent

Permission from the participant or the parent to use them and their data

They should be informed of anything that may affect their willingness to participate

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What is retrospective consent

Ask them at the end of the study

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What is presumptive consent

Ask a similar cohort

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What is prior general

Agree to take part in studies as a general principle

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What does the BPS code of conduct say

Respect, competence, responsibility and integrity

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What does the ethics committee do

They weight up costs (harm to participants) and benefits( value of research) before deciding whether a study should go ahead- known as a cost benefit analysis

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What is qualitative data

Non- numerical data expressed in words

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What is quantitative data

Numerical data

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What is primary data

First hand data collected for the purpose of the investigation

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What is secondary data

Collected by someone other than the person who is conducting the research

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Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative data

Qualitative-rich in detail but is difficult to analyse

Quantitative- easier to analyse and identify patterns but less detail

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What is nominal data

Qualitative values- usually tallied

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What is ordinal data

Scaled or ranked data which will have subjective ratings

What is interval data

Ranked data with an equal measurement intervals/ standardised measurements and units, can go into the negatives

What is ratio data

Ranked data will equal measurement intervals/ standardised measurements and units. Includes an absolute zero

What central tendency should be used for nominal data

Mode

What central tendency should be used for ordinal data

Median

What central tendency should be used for interval level

Mean

How do you calculate range

The highest value minus the lowest value +1

What percentage of values fall between one standard deviation

68%

What percentage of values fall between two standard deviations

95%

What is standard deviation

The average spread of values around the mean

Describe negatively skewed distribution

Most of the distribution is concentration to the right so tail of anomalous scores on the left

Describe positively skewed distribution

Most of the distribution is to the left so long tail of anomalous scores on the right

What is the significance of p

The probability of the behaviour happening again is equal or more than 95% to convey significant findings so it cannot be a fluke or coincidence

What probability should medical research use

What is a type one error

False positive-the belief that there is a significant difference/ correlation. (Rejecting the null hypothesis when we shouldn’t because it is true)

What is a type two error

False negative-belief that there is no significant difference or correlation when there is. (Accepting a null hypothesis when we shouldn’t because it isn’t true)

Methods of avoiding/reducing type one and two errors

-making the significance levels stricter reduces the chance of a type one error but will increase the chance of a type two error -increasing sample size also increases validity

What is an inferential statistical test

This is where a statistical test is used to determine whether a difference found in the results of an investigation is statistically significant and cannot have occurred by chance. We can infer from that the results of this investigation can then be generalised to the population

What factors are needed for Parametric

-interval/ratio data -conforms to a normal distribution -spread of data is not significantly large

What does Carrots Should Come Mashed With Swede Under Roast Potatoes

Chi squared, sign test, chi squared, Mann Whitney, Wilcoxon, spearman’s, Unrelated T, related T, Pearsons

When do you use a sign test

Nominal data, looking for differences, repeated measures or matched pairs design

What should be in a report of psychological investigations-8

Title Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References Appendices

What is the order for writing references

Author, year, title, edition Place, publisher

What is a peer review

The evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producer of the work. They often recommend the research to be accepted, rejected or revised. Must be carried out objectively by reviewers who do not know the author

What are the three main purpose of peer review

Allocation of research funding- must go to worthwhile studies Publication of research into academic journals and books Assessing the research rating of university departments-number of publication and quality of journals

Positives of peer review

Protects the quality of the work- minimises fraud and increases the credibility of psychology as a science

Negatives of peer review

-competition for research fundings may create biased reviews-may bury research that contradicts their own -publication bias towards exciting findings may cause file-drawer problems, tends to publish positive results -does not always spot the mistakes