2450 week 4

Question 1

5 oncogenic viruses and area where found

Answer 1

1. HEP B/C (liver, caused by constant inflamm)
2. Epstein Barr Virus Post Transplant lymphoproliferative Disorder (lymphoid tumors, form of herpes)
3. kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (seen in AIDS pt)
4. human papillomavirus (cervical, anal, oral, penile)
5. Human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (T-cell)

Question 2

What types of cancer does H.pylori cause

Answer 2

1. stomach carcinoma

2. mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas (MALTomas)

Question 3

what is the link b/w cancer and chronic inflamm

Answer 3

cytokine release from inflamm cells –> free radicals –> mutation promotion–>decreased response to DNA damage by caretaker genes

Question 4

Benign and Malignant characteristics

Answer 4

Benign                        malignant
slow growth                 fast
well defined capsule     no capsule
non-invasive                 invasive
well differentiated         poorly diff.
low mitotic index          high MI
no metatastization       metastasization

Question 5

benign tumor nomenclature

fat, neural, smooth muscle, cartilage

Answer 5

lipoma
glioma
leiomyoma
chondroma

Question 6

malignant tumor nomenclature
epithelial
duct gland
connective tissue
skeletal muscle

Answer 6

carcinoma
adrenocarcinoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 7

cancer of lymphatics

blood

Answer 7

lymphomas

leukemias

Question 8

what is carcinoma in situ (CIS) and what 3 things can happen

Answer 8

preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin

1. remain the same
2. metastasize
3. regress

Question 9

what are two aspects of transformation in cancer cells

Answer 9

1. autonomy; cancer cell’s independence from normal cellular controls
2. anaplasia loss of differentiation, pleomorphic, big nuclei

Question 10

cancer stem cells characteristics

Answer 10

1. self-renew
2. create new stem cells
3. divide for longer periods of time
4. pluripotent (diffentiation into different cell types)
5. cancer trx does not eradicate stem cells

Question 11

define & give Tumor markers and examples

Answer 11

biological marker produced by cancer cells that are found on plasma cell membranes
hormones: catecholamines ACTH
enzymes: Tyrosine kinase CML
genes: philadelphia chromosome CML
Antigens: prostate specific antigen PSA
Antibodies: bence jones protein

Question 12

8 types of mutates genes

Answer 12

1. secretion of growth factor: autocrine stimulation
2. increased growth factor recopter (HER breast cancer)
3. signal from cell surface receptor is mutated in the on position (RAS colorectal cancer)
4. oncogenes: mutant genes that turned on in cancer (normally direct protein synthesis and cellular growth)
5. tumor repressor genes: turned off in cancer
6. activation of protein kinases that drive cell cycle (CDK cyclin)
7. mutation in p53 gene resist apoptosis
8. gene amplification- duplication of a region of a chromosome over and over