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Module 5- Physical Chemistry and Transition Elements > 24 Transition Elements > Flashcards

24 Transition Elements Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the d-block elements located on the periodic table? (1 mark)

A

In the middle
In groups 3-12

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2
Q

Give 3 properties of d-block elements. (3 marks)

A

Metallic
High melting and boiling points
Conduct electricity and heat
Shiny in appearance

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3
Q

What makes a d-block element a d-block element? (1 mark)

A

A d sub-shell is being filled (4s fills before 3d)

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4
Q

What are the two exceptions to the following rule:
‘the 4s shell fills before the 3d shell’. (2 marks)

A

Chromium
Copper

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5
Q

Why are chromium and copper’s 4 sub-shells not full? ( 2 marks)

A

The d5 and d10 subshells provide additional stability to the atoms.

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6
Q

What is a transition element? (1 mark)

A

A d-block element that can form at least one ion with a partially filled d-orbital.

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7
Q

Not all d-block elements are transition metals, give two examples that fit this description. (2 marks)

A

Scandium
Zinc

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8
Q

Why is scandium not a transition metal? (2 marks)

A

Scandium only forms Sc3+ by loss of 2 4s and 1 3d electrons, the resulting ion has no electrons a d-orbital.

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9
Q

Why is zinc not a transition metal? (2 marks)

A

Zinc only forms Zn2+ by loss of 2 4s, the resulting ion has a full d-orbital.

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10
Q

Give three properties of transition elements. (3 marks)

A

Form coloured compounds
The elements and compounds can act as catalysts
They readily change oxidation states.

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11
Q

State the catalyst used in the Haber process. ( 1mark)

A

Iron

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12
Q

What is the catalyst used in the contact process? (1 mark)

A

Vandium oxide

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13
Q

What makes transition metals good catalysts? (1 mark)

A

They are good at adsorbing substances onto their surface.

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14
Q

What is a complex ion? (1 mark)

A

One or more molecules/ negatively charged ions bonded to a central metal ion.

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15
Q

What are the molecules/ negative ions bonded to the central metal ion called in a complex ion? (1 mark)

A

Ligands

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16
Q

Define the term ligand. (1 mark)

A

A molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons t a central ion to form a dative covalent bond.

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17
Q

What is a dative covalent bond? (1 mark)

A

When one atom provides both of the electrons in a covalent bond.

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18
Q

What does the coordination number tell you about a complex ion? (1 mark)

A

The coordination number indicates the number of covalent bonds attached to the central metal ion.

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19
Q

What is a mondentate ligand? (1 mark)

A

A ligand that can donate one pair of electrons to a central metal ion.

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20
Q

What is a bidentate ligand? (1 mark)

A

A ligand that can donate two pairs of electrons to a central metal ion.

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21
Q

What is the shape and bond angle of 6-coordinate complexes? (1 mark)

A

Octahedral
90 degrees

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22
Q

What is the coordinate number of an octahedral complex? (1 mark)

A

6

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23
Q

What are the shape(s) and bond angle(s) of 4-coordinate complexes? (1 mark)

A

tetrahedral- 109.5 degrees
square planar- 90 degrees

24
Q

What is the coordinate number of a tetrahedral complex? (1 mark)

A

4

25
Q

In what elements do square planar shapes occur? (3 marks)

A

Gold (III)
Platinum (II)
Palladium (II)

26
Q

What is the bond angle of a tetrahedral complex ion? (1 mark)

A

109.5 degrees

27
Q

What is the bond angle of a square planar complex ion? (1 mark)

A

90 degrees

28
Q

What types of stereoisomerism can be displayed in complex ions? (2 marks)

A

Cis-trans isomerism
Optical isomerism

29
Q

In what type of complex ions does cis-trans isomerism occur? (2 marks)

A

Square planar
Octahedral

30
Q

What makes a cis complex ion cis? ( 2 marks)

A

Identical groups are adjacent.
90 degrees between identical groups.

31
Q

What makes a trans complex ion trans? ( 2 marks)

A

Identical groups are opposite.
180 degrees between identical groups.

32
Q

What are optical isomers? (1 mark)

A

Non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

33
Q

In what type of complex ions does optical isomerism occur? (2 marks)

A

Octahedral, containing two or more bidentate ligands.

34
Q

How does cis-platin treat cancer? (2 marks)

A

By forming a platinum complex inside of a cell which binds to the DNA of cancer cells and prevents it from replicating.

35
Q

What is ligand substitution? (1 mark)

A

When one ligand in a complex ion is replaced by another ligand.

36
Q

What ion is formed when copper sulfate is dissolved in water? (1 mark)

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+

37
Q

What colour is the solution formed when copper sulfate is dissolved in water? (1 mark)

A

Pale blue

38
Q

What happens when copper sulfate is dissolved in water and then reacted with excess ammonia? (3 marks)

A

The pale blue solution changes to a dark blue solution.
Four ammonia ligands replace four of the water ligands.
Two different reactions take place; first a precipitate forms (Cu(OH)2), it then dissolves in the excess ammonia.

39
Q

What happens when copper sulfate is dissolved in water and then reacted with excess hydrochloric acid? (3 marks)

A

The pale blue solution changes to a yellow solution.
Four chloride ligands replace the six water ligands.
The solution changes to green before going to yellow, as the two colours mix.

40
Q

What complex ion is formed when chromium (III) potassium surface is dissolved in water? (1 mark)

A

[Cr(H2O)6]3+

41
Q

What complex ion is formed when chromium (III) sultans is dissolved in water? (1 mark)

A

[Cr(H2O)5SO4]+

42
Q

What happens when chromium (III) potassium sulfate is dissolved in water and then reacted with excess ammonia? (4 marks)

A

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ is formed, then reacted with ammonia to form [Cr(OH)3] (a precipitate).
Changing colour from purple to grey-green.
This then dissolved in the excess ammonia to form [Cr(NH3)6]3+
Changing colour from grey-green to violet.

43
Q

Why is it dangerous to inhale CO? (2 marks)

A

CO can also bind to the iron in haemoglobin, and binds more strongly than oxygen, the bond is irreversible, preventing transport of oxygen.

44
Q

Is Cu(OH)2 soluble in excess ammonia? (1 mark)

A

No

45
Q

Is Cr(OH)3 soluble in excess NaOH? (1 mark)

A

Yes

46
Q

Is Fe(OH)2 soluble in excess ammonia? (1 mark)

A

No

47
Q

Is Fe(OH)3 soluble in excess NaOH? (1 mark)

A

No

48
Q

Is Mn(OH)2 soluble in excess NaOH? (1 mark)

A

Yes

49
Q

What colour is MnO4-? (1 mark)

A

Purple

50
Q

What colour is Cr2O72-? (1 mark)

A

Orange

51
Q

What colour is Fe3+? (1 mark)

A

Orange-brown

52
Q

What colour is I2? (1 mark)

A

Brown

53
Q

What colour is Cr3+? (1 mark)

A

Green

54
Q

Give an equation for the oxidation of Cr3+ to Cr2O42-. (3 marks)

A

3H2O2 + 2Cr3+ + 10OH- —> 2CrO42- + 8H2O

55
Q

What colour is Cu2+? (1 mark)

A

Pale blue

56
Q

Suggest why the entropy of water is zero at 0K. (1 mark)

A

There is no disorder.

57
Q

Define entropy. (1 mark)

A

The level of disorder of a reaction.

Module 5- Physical Chemistry and Transition Elements (7 decks)

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