2.4. Sustainable management of coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

How can coastal defences be categorised?

A
  • Hard engineering
  • Soft engineering
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2
Q

Hard engineering

A
  • Some physical structure has to be built and maintained
  • Requires money, manpower and technology
  • Protects only one part of the coast but creates problems elsewhere
  • May cause harms to humans
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3
Q

Soft engineering

A
  • Involves proper planning management and use of the coast as well as encouraging human interference along the coast
  • Involves educating people
  • Environmentally friendly
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4
Q

Examples of hard engineering

A
  • Rip rap
  • Gabion
  • Groynes
  • Sea wall
  • Breakwater
  • Revetments
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5
Q

Rip rap

A
  • giant boulders placed at the foot (bottom) of cliffs.
  • designed to absorb the waves energy and protect the cliffs behind.
  • can be effective, but does look ugly, may reduce access to the beach
  • can be expensive
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6
Q

Gabion

A
  • boulders placed in cage
  • can be installed quickly and again is fairly effective
  • reduces access to the beach
  • can be expensive
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7
Q

Groynes

A
  • designed to stop longshore drift
  • protects only one part of the coast
  • can be expensive
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8
Q

Sea wall

A
  • absorb wave energy
  • sometimes they are recurved to direct the waves energy back out to sea => not effective
  • can be expensive
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9
Q

Breakwater

A
  • Instead of breaking on the coast, waves, break on the breakwater
  • are often found around the mouths of rivers and ports
  • can disrupt shipping and animals
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10
Q

Revetments

A
  • similar to sea walls, but often built out of wood
  • found at the foot of cliffs they are designed at absorb the waves energy
  • require continuous efforts for maintenance
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11
Q

Examples of soft engineering

A
  • Dune stabilisation
  • Cliff regarding
  • Beach nourishment
  • Beach drainage
  • Managed retreat
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12
Q

Dune stabilisation

A
  • planting vegetation on the berm of the beach or on the dunes
  • making them more stable (roots) and reducing the moisture content (root uptake)
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13
Q

Cliff regrading

A
  • makes cliffs less steep
  • by reducing the angle you should reduce the undercutting and the risk of the cliff collapsing.
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14
Q

Beach nourishment

A

adding more sand to the beach

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15
Q

Beach drainage

A

removing some of the excess water to reduce stress on the cliff

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16
Q

Managed retreat

A
  • allowing the sea to take back land
  • allowing changes to some inland ecosystems by adding salt water.