24. Neurophysiology of Motor control Flashcards
There is often a ______ relationship between cells stimulated and activation of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex
1:1
What part of the prefrontal cortex is important for learning new movement sequences?
lateral prefrontal
what part of the brain is important for preformance of prelearned complex sequences
supplementary motor
What part of the cortex is responsible for spatial relationships with objects/self
posterior parietal
The cerebellum is both feed foward/feedback, but primarly ___________
feedback
note: monitors errors in preformance and adjusts
The Basal Ganglia is both feed foward/feedback, but primarly ___________
Feed Foward
note: selectively activates some movements and inhibits others, initiates the whole progam
The basal ganglia receives input from all cortical areas and projects primarily to areas of the _______
Frontal cortex ( motor planning areas)
The brainstem does what for motor control?
Integrates visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems
Ultimately all interneurons converge on ________
motor neurons
Primary somatosensory cortex fires _____ start of movement
Cortical changes that occur with plasticity in somatosensory cortex _______ motor cortex
After
Before
Higher levels issue ______
Lower levels have ___________
Relatively general commands “lets walk over there”
Have reflexes and stepping pattern generators to acheive the goal
The cerebrocerebellum is good for motor ______
planning
The vestibulocerebellum is good for motor ___________
optimization
What parts of the brian help with motor instructions?
Vesibular nuclei
Thalamus to cortex
Peduculopontine nuclei
Midbrain locomotor region -> reticular formation
learning is a form of __________
synaptic plasticity
Short term changes in plasticity are due to ___________
long term are due to __________
Change in neural transmission
change in gene expression/protein synthesis
To form memories, you don’t ndepend on structural changes, but rather change in the ______________
strength of pre-existing connections
Long term memory is relatively ______ to disruption
undergoes continual change
-long term memory storage appears to be graded extension of ___________
Insensitive to disruption
Short term process
Location of plastic changes: Variability in recruitment _______ with increased motor learning
decreases
Experience dependent change: some plasticity remains throughout life, but it __________ overtime
considerable variability due to __________
Synapses that are silent can be come strengthened when __________-
Decreases
genes and life experiences
strengthened when adjacent areas are damaged
Differences between old/young motor learning
Adult axon growth restricted
Adults rely more on changes in synaptic strength instead of new projections/connecctions
In adults, an established synapse will survive
children undergo more structural changes
-in children the use of synapses dictates its survivability
What are simularities between children and adult motor learning
competition of synapes present
Repetitive stimulation and activity crucial
Factors that help traumatic and degen conditions
preinjury exercise
environmental enrichment
dietary restriction
Post neuro injuries: When to start exercise and how intense?
earlier is better, intensity needs to be carefully considered in 1st week post injury
Reactivating silent/weak areas likely to occur in the __________
Penumbra
Compensation at the neuronal level:
Neurons take on new functions they didn’t have before
What is diaschisis?
Silent areas not working bc of other areas that communicate w/ them being damaged
Note: can be reversed w/ normalization of bloodflow and metabolism
Rescue and salvage
repair and recovery
maintenance
Which stage is PT most involved in?
Repair and recovery
Unskilled training does not cause ______, but it does cause circulatory changes in the brain
Neuroplasticity
What drugs can facilitiate neuroplasticity
Amphetamines
note: antipsychotics can reduce neuroplasticity
Aggressive treamtents need to start early on, emphasizing ___________-
Skill Acquisition
note: amount of time spent in PT/OT after stroke is not related to functional outcome
The act of compensating itself may be a huge reason why ___________ remain
motor deficits
note: forced use activities can help this and pt will learn to avoid substitution/compensation
Following a brain injury, ______________ starts rapidly in motor learning, even quicker than motor skill development
New protein synthesis
(Protein synthesis happens PRIOR to motor skill, not after)
Motor skills develop ____________ there is cortical functional reorganization, and happen ________ protein synthesis
Before
After
Protein synthesis -> motor skill development -> cortical functional reorganization
How is exercise different than practice?
Exercise is repetition of movements that have already been learned
Practice is goal directed and meaningful
Physical therapists work on motor behaviors that are _____________ a patient’s current capabilities
beyond
-behaviors that are now new in light of new losses or damage
