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🌿 topic 2 ESS > 2.4 biomes zonation and succession > Flashcards

2.4 biomes zonation and succession Flashcards

1
Q

tricellular model of atmospheric circulation

A
  • equator higher in energy than at the poles due to the angle of the sun
  • explains how thermal energy is distributed around the planet
  • composed of the hadley, ferrel and polar cell
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2
Q

earth rotation

A
  • creates day and night
  • daylight longer in some areas than others, adapt
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3
Q

earth revolution

A
  • creates seasons
  • less extreme closer to the equator
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4
Q

great ocean conveyor belt

A
  • moves heat around the planet
  • moderates global climates
  • supplies heat to the polar regions, regulates sea ice formation
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5
Q

gulf stream

A
  • warm current
  • gulf of mexico to northwestern coast of europe
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6
Q

humbolt current

A
  • cold current
  • cooling effect on climate of coast of south america
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7
Q

impact of proximity of water on temperature

A
  • water double specific heat capacity double land
  • long time oceans heat up in summer, summer temps lower, reverse in winter
  • maritime locations, mild summer and winters
  • continental locations, more extreme summer and winters
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8
Q

biome

A
  • collection of ecosystems that are classified according to their predominant vegetation, share similar climatic conditions and organisms that have adaptations to the environment
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9
Q

5 biome categories

A

aquatic
- freshwater
- marine

forest
grassland
desert
tundra

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10
Q

P/E ratio shows

A
  • how much water stress there is in a biome
  • below 1, water shortages
  • 1, good soil moisture, fertile soil
  • above 1, waterlogged
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11
Q

case study
temperate deciduous forest biome

A
  • any large area covered by woody vegetation
  • dominant biome of the earth
  • high rainfall, throughout the year, max during summer
  • 4 seasons
  • high primary productivity
  • sunlight limited to the lower layers, productivity reduced below
  • winter temperature drops
  • well balanced nutrient stores
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12
Q

case study
temperate deciduous forest biome
stores, flows, outputs, inputs

A

stores
- soil
- litter
- biomass

flows
- uptake
- decomposition
- fallout

outputs
- leaching
- runoff

inputs
- weathering
- precipitation

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13
Q

case study
temperate deciduous forest biome
adaptations

A

plant
- shed leaves, avoid moisture loss
- spring leaves catch light, grow quickly

animal
- migrate to warmer climates
- hibernate
- store food to eat during winter

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14
Q

case study
temperate deciduous forest biome
problems

A
  • human occupation, forest destruction
  • cleared for agriculture, towns, fragmented
  • acid deposition
  • invasive species
  • global warming
  • disease
  • hunting
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15
Q

case study
australian savanna grassland biome

A
  • large areas, rolling grasses, few trees
  • tropical, temperate
  • hot wet, warm dry
  • low productivity, dominant vegetation is grass, lower biomass
  • long and dry season, no productivity
  • poor soil fertility, high rainfall washes out nutrients
  • common wildfires, burns off dead organic matter
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16
Q

case study
australian savanna grassland biome
adaptations

A

plant
- grasses deep roots, access soil moisture, avoid fire damage
- shrubs need fire to burst seed pods
- brightly colored flowers, attract insects
- narrow plant leaves, minimize water loss

animal
- camouflaged
- nocturnal
- hiding in burrows to avoid fire, day heat
- little water, moisture from food

17
Q

case study
australian savanna grassland biome
problems

A
  • invasive species, weeds
  • human induced fires at the wrong time, too hot frequent
  • cleared for cattle grazing
  • overgrazing
18
Q

case study
desert biome
sahara

A
  • northern africa
  • minimal rainfall
  • hot
  • low productivity
  • unfavourable P/E ration
  • low water availability, only few plants/animals adapted
  • moisture loss
  • poor soil quality, salinity
19
Q

case study
desert biome
sahara
adaptations

A

plant
- close to the ground, avoid wind
- water in thick stems
- long lateral roots
- thick leaves, needles deter herbivores
- “fur” cacti trap morning dew

animal
- nocturnal
- water from plants
- large ears
- long legs
- more sideways
- flat feet
- thick hairs

20
Q

case study
desert biome
sahara
problems

A
  • limited threats, hard to live there
  • pumping water from aquifers, salinization, soil degradation
  • hunting
21
Q

type 1 survivorship curve

A
  • k selected species
  • high survival rate in early life
  • sharp drop at the end as old age is reached
22
Q

type 2 survivorship curve

A
  • middle ground
  • constant mortality rate throughout life
  • as likely to die at birth as old age
23
Q

type 3 survivorship curve

A
  • r selected species
  • drops sharply, low survival rates after birth
  • few make it to old age
24
Q

zonation

A
  • change in vegetation along an environmental gradient
  • an be cause by changes in altitude, depth of water, tidal level, distance from shore etc
  • spatial and determined by changes in abiotic factors
25
Q

succession

A
  • predictable change in vegetation over time
  • pioneer community, transitions until climax community
  • will change in composition during the process
26
Q

stages of succession

A
  1. colonization
  2. establishment
  3. competition
  4. climax community
27
Q

stages of succession
colonization

A
  • initiated by pioneer species adapted to extreme conditions
  • r strategists
  • contribute organic matter
28
Q

stages of succession
establishment

A
  • soil provides niches for invertebrates
  • breakdown organic matter to humus, improving water holding capacity
  • quantity of resources increases
29
Q

stages of succession
competition

A
  • less extreme
  • sustain a variety of plant life
  • allows for k strategists
  • stabilize, fewer new species
30
Q

stages of succession
climax community

A
  • steady state equilibrium
31
Q

stages of succession
climax community

A
  • steady state equilibrium
32
Q

case study
lithosphere

A
  • bacteria, lichen colonizing rock
  • moss develops
  • herbs, grasses, small plants
  • ferns, shrubs
  • large shrubs, small trees
  • oak
33
Q

why are climax communities stable

A
  • more complex
  • one organism gone, others can fulfill that niche
  • stability usually means higher resilience
34
Q

latitude

A
  • maximum amount of disturbance a system can tolerate before it loses its ability to recover
35
Q

resistance

A
  • how easily the ecosystem resists the change
36
Q

precariousness

A
  • how close the ecosystem is to its tipping point
37
Q

secondary succession

A
  • ecosystem returning to a stable form after a disaster
  • soil already formed, nutrients more available than at the start
38
Q

case study
heather moorland: north york moors

A
  • natural climax community
  • diverse stable ecosystem
  • managed by humans
  • burnt in a 10 year cycle, different stages of growth
  • old growth not burnt off it hinders regrowth
39
Q

case study
african savanna fires

A
  • natural wildfires, end of dry season essential
  • burn off dry grasses releasing nutrients
  • clears the ground for new shoots
  • germination of seeds

🌿 topic 2 ESS (5 decks)

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