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Parasitology > 24. Arthropods (ticks) > Flashcards

24. Arthropods (ticks) Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the class Arachnida?

A
  • ticks
  • mites
  • spiders
  • scorpions
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2
Q

how many legs do the larvae of Class Arachnida have?

A

6 legs

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3
Q

how many legs do the nymphal stages of Class Arachnida have?

A

8 legs

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4
Q

how many legs do the adult stages of Class Arachnida have?

A

8 legs

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5
Q

what is different about the number of legs in Class Arachnida and those in lice, fleas, bugs and flies?

A

lice, fleas, bugs and flies only have 6 legs, not 8, in the adult stages as well

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6
Q

do Arachnids have wings?

A

no, they are wingless

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7
Q

can ticks fly or jump?

A

no, they can only crawl

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8
Q

where do ticks wait for their hosts?

A

on the tips of grasses and shrubs, not from trees, at maximum 1m in height

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9
Q

what do ticks select their ambush site based on?

A

they have the ability to identify paths that are often travelled and they can sense the presence of the host

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10
Q

what is special about the sensory organs of ticks?

A

they are complex and they can determine trace amounts of gases, such as carbon dioxide left by warm-blooded animals and man

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11
Q

do ticks feed often?

A

no

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12
Q

what happens when ticks feed?

A

they acquire disease agents from one host and pass it to another host at a later feeding

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13
Q

do ticks that interact with humans and animals usually cause harm?

A

relatively few

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14
Q

how do ticks differ from other arthropods?

A

they lack antennae and the first pair of head appendages are modified to form pincer-like chelicerae

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15
Q

what are the 3 visible components of ticks’ mouthparts?

A
  • palps
  • chelicerae
  • hypostome
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16
Q

what are the palps?

A
  • they are highly mobile, jointed parts

- they move laterally while the tick is feeding and do not enter the skin of the host

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17
Q

what are the chelicerae?

A
  • they are the two rough parts between the palps

- they are the cutting mandibles

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18
Q

what is the hypostome?

A
  • the feeding tube

- the center rod-shaped structure

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19
Q

what does the hypostome have on it and what purpose do they serve?

A
  • it has many beak-like projections

- this is so that, when it plunges into the host skin while feeding, it prevents easy removal

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20
Q

what does the tick also produce in its salivary glands?

A

a substance that attaches the feeding tick, and the substance dissolves after feeding is complete

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21
Q

what do ticks feed on?

A

the blood of their host

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22
Q

what is the function of the salivary secretions during a tick’s feeding?

A

it prevent blood coagulation so that it can continue feeding

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23
Q

what are the crucial steps of tick removal?

A
  • gently grasp the head of the tick with fine tip tweezers, very close to the skin (to not squeeze its salivary glands, incase it harbours a parasite you will inject it into your blood)
  • keep the tick in a sealed container to bring to the doctor
  • wash both your hands and the location of the bite in soap and water
  • swab the area with alcohol thoroughly
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24
Q

what can happen if the head of the tick breaks off under the skin?

A

it can result in an infection

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25
how can breaking off of the ticks head be avoided?
do NOT twist upon tick removal
26
what are the two main groups of ticks?
- Ixodidae | - Argasidae
27
what are the Ixodidae?
- the hard ticks | - have a hard shield just behind the mouthparts (sometimes incorrectly called the head)
28
what is an example of the Ixodidae?
dog tick
29
what are unfed hard ticks shaped like?
flat seed
30
what are the Argasidae?
- soft ticks | - they do not have the hard shield and they are shaped like a large raisin
31
what do soft ticks prefer to feed on?
birds or bats
32
are soft ticks encountered often?
not unless the birds and bats are nesting or roosting in an occupied building
33
what are the 4 different life stages of hard ticks?
- egg - larvae - nymph - adult
34
how many legs do the larvae of ticks that emerge from eggs have?
6 legs
35
when does the larvae molt to the nymphal stage?
after obtaining a blood meal from a vertebrate host
36
what do nymphs do after feeding?
they molt into the next and final stage, which is the adult
37
how many legs does the adult have?
8 legs
38
what happens after the adult hard ticks feed?
the adult female hard ticks lay one batch of thousands of eggs and then die
39
what is found in the Ixodidae?
hard ticks - they only take one blood meal per life stage except the egg stage
40
how much time does it take for ixodidae to complete an entire life cycle?
may vary from less than a year in tropical regions to over three years in cold climates,
41
what happens to ixodidae if hosts are not available?
certain stages may enter diapause until hosts are again available
42
how long can hard ticks go without feeding?
several months
43
what are the life cycles that hard ticks may undergo?
one-host, two-host, or three-host life cycles
44
what is found in the argasidae?
soft ticks
45
what is different about the soft ticks life cycle?
- they are not readily distinguishable - unlike hard ticks, many soft ticks go through multiple nymphal stages, gradually increasing in size until the final molt to the adult stage
46
what is the first life stage to come out of the egg?
the six legged larva
47
what does the first, six legged larva do after hatching?
takes a blood meal
48
up to how many molts can some soft ticks pass through?
up to 7
49
how often do soft ticks feed?
several times during each life stage
50
how many eggs do females lay in soft ticks?
multiple small batches between blood meals throughout their lives
51
how long does it take for a soft tick to complete a life cycle?
generally longer than that of hard ticks, lasting over several years
52
what is the disease caused by Ambylomma?
- Lyme disease | - Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
53
what is the disease caused by Dermacentor?
- RMSF - colarado tick fever - lyme disease - is also an agent of tick paralysis
54
what is the disease caused by Ixodes?
- lyme disease | - babesiosis
55
what is the disease caused by Rhipicephalus?
- RMSF | - lyme disease
56
what is the disease caused by Ornithodoros?
tick-borne relapsing fever
57
what is the disease caused by Carios?
tick borne relapsing fever
58
what are the other 2 nicknames for deer tick?
- bear tick | - sheep tick
59
what are the other common names for black-legged tick (deep tick)?
- Western black legged tick - European wood tick - Sheep tick
60
what are the other scientific names for Ixodes scapularis?
- Ixodes dammini - Ixodes pacificus - Ixodes ricinus
61
what are the diseases transmitted by Ixodes scapularis?
- lyme disease (deer tick) | - babesiosis
62
what is the dog tick also called? (nickname)
wood tick
63
what is the common name for dog tick?
American dog tick
64
what is the scientific name of the dog tick?
Dermacentor cariabilis
65
what is the disease caused by the dog tick
rocky mountain spotted fever
66
what is the scientific name of rocky mountain wood tick?
Dermacentor andersoni
67
what disease is caused by ricky mountain wood tick?
rocky mountain spotted fever
68
describe lyme disease
an infection caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi (North America) and Borrelia afzelii (Europe). It is transmitted by a bite from a black legged (deer) tick
69
what is the species of ticks assicated with Lyme disease?
Ixodes scapularis
70
does everyone get the red skin rash characteristic of lyme disease?
no, they might not even know they were bitten
71
what is used to treat lyme disease?
antibiotics - doxycycline
72
what happens if lyme disease goes untreated?
it can progress to a more serious disease involving the joints, nerves, and heart
73
can dogs and cats become infected with the lyme disease bacteria?
yes, but cats are far less commonly infected
74
are dogs often exposed?
yes they often are exposed but rarely become ill
75
what is RMSF caused by?
infection with the gram‐negative coccobacillus bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii
76
what is the most severe tick-borne rickettsial illness in NA?
RMSF
77
what are the primary vectors of RMSF bacteria?
The American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and | Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni)
78
how does the disease usually begin in RMSF?
with fevers and feeling nauseous about a week after being bitten by a tick, although some people do not remember having had a tick bite
79
what happens a few days after onset of RMSF?
- people who have Rocky Mountain spotted fever often have a rash, usually on their arms or ankles - They also may have pain in their joints, stomach pain, and diarrhea
80
what is the treatment for RMSF?
antibiotic - doxycycline
81
what is babesiosis?
an infection caused by a malaria‐like protozoan
82
how does the parasite of babesiosis enter the human?
when an ixodid tick, which is the definitive host of babesia, bites a human host and transfers the parasite while taking its blood meal
83
what is the causative agent of babesiosis?
- Babesia microti | - Babesia divergens
84
in what kingdom are the Babesia sp.?
protozoans (kingdom), malaria like parasites
85
how is human babesiosis or babesia transmitted?
by ticks
86
where is babesia found?
in NA and Europe
87
how long before a babesoisis patient shows symptoms?
1-4 weeks
88
what happens after the incubation period of babesiosis?
a person will show non‐specific disease signs and symptoms such as malaise, fever, headache and chills
89
what is the causative agent of most European babesiosis cases?
B. divergens
90
who are the susceptible ones to B. divergens?
splenectomized individuals
91
what is the treatment of babesiosis?
Most cases of babesiosis resolve without any specific treatment. For ill patients, treatment is usually a two‐drug regimen of quinine and clindamycin

Parasitology (27 decks)

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