Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Unit 2 > 2.4 Adaptations For Nutrition > Flashcards

2.4 Adaptations For Nutrition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why can’t living organisms use energy (light energy) directly from sun?

A

They can only use chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Autotrophic nutrition

A

Make their own food from simple inorganic raw materials like CO2 and water. They’re producers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are phototrophic organisms

A

Organisms that use light energy for photosynthesis. Green plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of nutrition do photo autotrophic organisms use?

A

Holophytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are chemoautotrophic organisms?

A

Organisms that use energy from chemical reactions. All prokaryotic. Organisms no longer dominant life forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do all prokaryotic organisms perform

A

Chemosynthesis.
Less efficient than photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that can’t make their own food. Must consume complex organic material produced by autotrophs. Consumers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who are consumers?

A

All animals are consumers and are dependent on autotrophs for food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do animals get food

A

Either eat autotrophs directly or eat other animals which have eaten autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Heterotrophs include…

A

Animals, fungi, some Protoctista, and some bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition of autotroph

A

An organism that synthesises its own complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules, using either light or chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition of Heterotroph

A

An organism that obtains complex organic molecules from other organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Definition of Saprotroph/Saprobiont

A

An organism that derives energy and raw materials for growth from the extracellular digestion of dead or decaying material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are holozoic feeders

A

Includes all animals. Take food into their bodies and digest. Have specialised digestive system. Digested material absorbed into body tissues and used in body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are animals who feed solely on plant material?

A

Herbivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are animals who feed on other animals

A

Carnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are animals who feed on both plant and animal material

A

Omnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are animals which feed on dead or decaying material

A

Detritivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are saprophytes or saprobionts

A

Include all fungi and some bacteria. Feed on dead and decaying matter. No specialised digestive system.
Decomposers: essential in the decomposition of dead plant and animal material and the recycling of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do saprophytes or saprobionts feed? (What kind of digestion and how does it work)

A

With extracellular digestion.
1. Secrete enzymes onto food material outside body.
2. Absorb the soluble products across the cell membrane by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are parasites

A

Parasites are organisms that live in or on another living organism and causes harm to the host / obtain their nourishment at the expense of the host. Some live inside and some live outside host. Highly specialised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is mutualism

A

Close association between members of two different species. Both are benefited from the relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mutualism in cows and mutualistic bacteria

A

Cows feed on grass but don’t secrete cellulase to digest cellulose. So bacteria which can produce cellulase lives in rumen and digests the cellulose. Bacteria can absorb digested products to thrive, and cows can digest their food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do unicellular organisms take in nutrients

A

Take in nutrients across their cell membranes by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do unicellular organisms do to digest larger food particles or other unicellular organisms

A

Engulf larger particles or organisms using pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is pseudopodia

A

A type of endocytosis to engulf larger particles or organisms

27
Q

Steps of holozoic nutrition

A
  • food vacuole forms as pseudopodia fuse together.
  • lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole, releasing their digestive enzymes.
  • digestion carried out intracellularly (inside the cell)
28
Q

What is intracellular digestion

A

Digestion carried out inside the cell

29
Q

What kind of gut does hydra have

A

A simple, undifferentiated, sac-like gut.
The mouth (in the middle oof the tentacles) is the only opening.

30
Q

What is gastrodermis

A

The inner layer of cells.
Secretes digestive enzymes into the lumen of the gut

31
Q

How is digested food absorbed in multicellular organisms

A

Absorbed by gut wall

32
Q

How is undigested food egested in multicellular organisms

A

Egested by the mouth

33
Q

What kind of gut do earthworms have

A

Have a simple tube like gut with an opening at both ends;
- mouth for ingestion
- anus for egestion

34
Q

What does a simple tube like gut have

A

Different regions, e.g. oesophagus and intestine, each with a specific function

35
Q

Human digestive system

A

Human gut is highly specialised with distinct regions, each with a specific function

36
Q

Function of mouth in human digestive system

A

Ingestion and digestion

37
Q

Function of stomach in human digestive system

A

digestion

38
Q

Function of small intestine in human digestive system

A

digestion and absorption

39
Q

Function of large intestine in human digestive system

A

reabsorption of water and absorbing vitamins

40
Q

Function of rectum in human digestive system

A

storing faeces

41
Q

Function of anus in human digestive system

A

excretion

42
Q

What is ingestion

A

taking food into the body through the mouth

43
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

cutting or crushing action of the teeth followed by rhythmical contractions of the gut.

44
Q

Why does the gut wall (especially stomach) have layers of muscle that contract and relax

A

Responsible for mixing the food with enzymes and pushing it along the gut (peristalsis)

45
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Wave-like muscular contractions in the wall of the gut. Mixes food with enzymes and propels food along the gut

46
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules using enzymes (chemical bonds are broken)

47
Q

What is absorption

A

The passage of digested food through the gut wall into the blood

48
Q

What is egestion

A

The elimination of undigested food from the body e.g cellulose cell walls of plants (fibre)

49
Q

Structure of mammalian gut

A

Throughout its length from the mouth to the anus, the gut wall consists of four tissue layers, surrounding the gut cavity or lumen

50
Q

Composition and function of serosa (in mammalian gut)

A

Layer of tough connective tissue.
Protects the wall of the gut and reduces friction from other organs as the gut moves

51
Q

Composition and function of sub-mucosa (in mammalian gut)

A

Consists of connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels.
Takes away absorbed food

52
Q

Composition and function of mucosa (in mammalian gut)

A

Innermost layer and lines wall of gut.
Secretes mucus which lubricates and protects mucosa.
In some it secretes digestive juices, and in others it absorbs digested foods.

53
Q

Composition and function of epithelium (in mammalian gut)

A

Outermost layer of cells of the mucosa.
In direct contact with the food in the lumen.
Secretes substances into the lumen

54
Q

Composition and function of muscle layers (in mammalian gut)

A

2 layers of muscle running in different directions.
Causes waves of muscular contractions (peristalsis), which propels food along gut

55
Q

What do glands do

A

Produce many secretions, some of which contain digestive enzymes

56
Q

What are the 3 types of glands

A
  1. large glands found outside the gut with secretions passing through ducts (tubes) into the gut cavity.
  2. glands in the form of cells in the submucosa
  3. glands in the form of cells in the mucosa
57
Q

Examples of large glands found outside the gut with secretions passing through ducts (tubes) into the gut cavity.

A
  • salivary glands which secrete saliva into mouth.
  • liver which secretes bile into duodenum
  • pancreas which secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum
58
Q

Example of glands in the form of cells in the submucosa

A

Glands which secrete mucus into the duodenum

59
Q

Examples of glands in the form of cells in the mucosa

A

-gastric glands in the stomach wall which secretes gastric juice into the stomach
- glands found at the base of the villi in the small intestine, which secrete enzymes into the small intestine

60
Q

What does the pancreatic duct do

A

transports pancreatic juice to the duodenum

61
Q

What does the bile duct do

A

transports bile to duodenum

62
Q

the absorption of nutrients by the gut epithelial cells is only possible if…

A

if large insoluble molecules like polysaccharides, fats and proteins are broken down or digested into smaller soluble products by enzymes

63
Q
A

Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions