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Biology Unit 2 > 2.4 - adaptations for nutrition > Flashcards

2.4 - adaptations for nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Autotroph

A
  • An organism that creates complex molecules from simple molecules.
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2
Q

2 types of autotrophs + definition

A
  • photoautotroph = uses light energy
    -chemoautotroph = uses chemical energy
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3
Q

What are the 2 main nutrition methods of Animals ?

A
  • heterotrophic- consuming other organisms
    -holozoic - ingestion digestion, absorption and egestion
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4
Q

What is saparotrophic nutrition ?

A

Nutrition from dead/decaying organisms
- |extracellular digestion

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5
Q

Why is multicellular digestion less efficient than Animal digestion?

A
  • ingestion + egestion occur at the same location
  • Less enzymes
  • Only 1 ph across whole system due to no different regions dor digestion
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6
Q

4 functions of the gut

A

INGESTION
DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
EGESTION

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7
Q

3 types of digestion

A

Mechanical digestion = teeth
chemical digestion (enzymes)
chemical digestion ( acid ph)

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8
Q

Outline the structure of the gut X4

A

Serosa = reduce friction
longitudinal muscle + circular muscle = rhythmic contractions , L = relax C= contract
Submucosa = remove absorption products + nerve transmissions
Mucosa = produce mucus to lubricate the food moving through the gut.

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9
Q

3 features of the buccal cavity

A

-HCO3 and co3 ions maintain ph7
-amalayse digests starch and glycogen into maltase
- mucus lubricates t he food for the passage down the oesophegus.

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10
Q

Outline the features of the stomach

A
  • 2 sphincteers which contract to keep food in the stomach for several hours.
    -stomach walls contract + mix with gastric juice.
    -extra layer of muscle for more powerful contractions
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11
Q

What are the folds in the stomach wall called ?

A

Rugae

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12
Q

ZYMOGEN - gastric juice

A
  • Zymogen secretes pepsinogen which is activated by H+ ions into pespin which is an endopeptidase.
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13
Q

Oxyntic cells - gastric juice

A
  • oxyntic cells secrete HCL which lowers the Ph of the stomach
    -optimum ph for enzymes
    -kills majority of bacteria
    -base of gastric pit
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14
Q

Goblet cells

A
  • Goblet cells secrete mucus to lubricate food + protect stomach wall from enzymes
    -top of gastric pit
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15
Q

Outline the components of bile
+purpose

A
  • no enzymes
    -bile salts which have hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts
    -emulsifies lipids + lowers |SA
    -Alkaline + neutralises food coming from the stomach.
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16
Q

Name the 4 enzymes in pancreatic juice

A
  • Trypsinogen
    -Endopeptidase
    -Amalayse
    -Lipase
17
Q

Function of trypsinogen

A

trypsinogen is an inactive enzyme that is converted into trypsin - the endopeptidase by enterokinase .

18
Q

Endopeptidase

A

Hydrolyses polyep[eptides into peptides

19
Q

Role of NaCO3 in pancreatic juice

A

-neutralise acidic food from the stomach

20
Q

What is the Crypt of Lieberkuhn ?

A

-contain brunners gland which produce mucus to lubricate and neutralise food from stomach.
- On the small intestine wall

21
Q

4 Adaptation of the small intestestine

A
  • contain villi + microvilli = increase SA
  • capillary= maintian conc gradient
  • Lacteal = absorb lipids
  • epithelium = short diffusion
22
Q

Define a Ruminant

A
  • Group of herbivores possessing a stomach that is divided into 4 chambers.
23
Q

Where is the Rumen and what is its function

A

In the gut of herbivores, where mutualistic microbes digest complex polysaccharides

24
Q

Describe the 7 steps of cellulose digestion in herbivores -

A
  • grass is cut by teeth + mixed with saliva to form cud.
  • Enters the rumen where cellulose digesting microbes produce glucose.
    -Glucose is fermented into organic acids and absorbed into the blood (produces methane + co2
    -fermented grass passes into the reticulum where it is re-formed into cud
  • cud is regurgitated
    -the absomasum digests protoens
    -passes into small intestine
25
Q

What is a Parasite?

A

an organism that obtains nutrients from other living organisms - it causes harm

26
Q

What must the tapeworm survive?

A

-surrounded by digestive juice
-withstand peristalsis
-experience changes in Ph
-if the host dies, so does the parasite

27
Q

4 ways the parasite is adapted to survive

A

-cuticle protects from immune system
-produces enzyme inhibitors
-large SA to Vol ratio
-hermaphrodite- aesexual reproduction

28
Q

Name the 4 parts of the large intestine

A

-appendix
-caecum
-colon
-rectum

29
Q

Role of mutualistic organisms in the large intestine

A
  • secrete folic acid and vitamin K in colon
30
Q

Where is water absorbed ?

A

colon - large intestine

31
Q

What extra tissue does the stomach wall have?

A
  • oblique muscle

Biology Unit 2 (4 decks)

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