2.4-6 Cells

Question 1

What cells are humans made out of?

Answer 1

• eukaryotic cells

Question 2

What cells are plants made out of?

Answer 2

• prokaryotic cells

Question 3

What do all eukaryotic cells contain?

Answer 3

• nucleus
• membrane bound organelles

Question 4

What is a more detailed structure of cells called?

Answer 4

• ultrastructure (found by using a microscope)

Question 5

Eukaryotic nucleus is …

Answer 5

• surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope
• this contains pores which enable molecules to enter and leave the nucleus
• contains chromatin and nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production

Question 6

Eukaryotic RER is …

Answer 6

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on the surface
• folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes

Question 7

Eukaryotic SER is …

Answer 7

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• a system of membrane bound sacs
• produces and processes lipids

Question 8

Eukaryotic Golgi apparatus is …

Answer 8

• a series of fluid filled, flattened and curved sacs with vesicles surrounding edges
• processes and packages proteins and lipids
• produces lysosomes

Question 9

Eukaryotic mitochondria is …

Answer 9

• usually oval shaped, bound by a double membrane called the envelope
• the inner membrane if folded to form projections called cristae with matrix on the inside containing all the enzymes needed for respiration

Question 10

Eukaryotic centrioles are …

Answer 10

• hollow cylinders containing a ring of microtubules arranged at right angles to each other
• involved in cell division

Question 11

Eukaryotic ribosomes are …

Answer 11

• composed of two sub units and are the site of protein production

Question 12

Eukaryotic lysosomes are …

Answer 12

• a vesicles containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane

Question 13

Eukaryotic cytoskeleton is …

Answer 13

• plays an important role in providing mechanical strength as well as aiding transporting within cells
• enables cell movement

Question 14

Prokaryotic cell wall is …

Answer 14

• rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan

Question 15

Prokaryotic capsule is …

Answer 15

• protective slimy layer which helps the cell to retain moisture and adhere to surfaces

Question 16

Prokaryotic plasmid is …

Answer 16

• circular piece of DNA

Question 17

Prokaryotic flagellum is …

Answer 17

• a tail like structure which rotates to move the cell

Question 18

Prokaryotic pili is …

Answer 18

• hair-like structures which attach to other bacterial cells

Question 19

Prokaryotic ribosomes are …

Answer 19

• site of protein production

Question 20

What is the protein transport process?

Answer 20

1. Proteins are produced on the ribosome
2. Proteins which are produced on the surface of the RER are folded and processed in the RER
3. The proteins are then transported from the RER to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles
4. They are then modified in the Golgi apparatus
5. Golgi apparatus packages protein into vesicles to be transported around the cells to where they are required, some of the proteins such as extracellular enzymes leave the cell by exocytosis

Question 21

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

Answer 21

• they have a double membrane structure, similar to mitochondria

Question 22

How are plant cells different to animal cells?

Answer 22

• have rigid structures
• have a cell wall surrounding the cell-surface membrane