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EXB 101 Midterm 2 > 24-27. Cardiovascular > Flashcards

24-27. Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe VO2 using the Fick Principle. Identify each element in this equation for CV oxygen delivery.

A

VO2 = Q(c) x (a-V)O2

  • “Oxygen consumption = total blood flow x uptake of O2 from blood by tissue”
  • Q = cardiac output
  • a = arterial
  • V = venous
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2
Q

What are the general purposes of the CV system?

A
  • To support cellular metabolism by delivering metabolic substrates & removing wastes
  • Provide an optimized cell bath for every cell in body
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3
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Arteries running along surface of heart

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4
Q

Describe the sequence of depolarization in the heart starting at the sino-atrial node.

A

LOOKUP

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5
Q

Give a brief description of the cardiac cycle, noting the timing of isometric contraction and relaxation, the closing and opening of the atrio-ventricular vs. aortic/pulmonic valves, and when ejection of blood occurs.

A

LOOKUP

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6
Q

In a cardiac pressure-volume loop , what would be the effects of increased preload? Afterload? Contractility?

A
  • Preload = increased EDV (ESV same), increased SV, increased EF
  • Afterload = decreased SV, increased ESV, decreased EF
  • Contractility = increased SV, decreased ESV, increased EF
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7
Q

Define stroke volume.

A

EDV - ESV

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8
Q

Define ejection fraction.

A

SV / EDV

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9
Q

Define cardiac output.

A

HR x SV

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10
Q

If EDV = 90 ml, ESV = 30 ml, and HR = 70 b/min, what is the SV? EF? Q?

A
  • SV = 60 ml
  • EF = 60/90
  • Q = 70 x 0.06 = 4.2 L/min
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11
Q

What are the factors affecting cardiac output during exercise?

A
  • Preload
  • Afterload
  • Contractibility
  • HR
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12
Q

What ultimately causes cardiac output?

A

Venous return

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13
Q

Describe the Frank-Starling curve. How do changes in preload or contractility alter this curve?

A
  • Muscle length-tension in heart

- Preload increases tension –> increases strength of contracility

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14
Q

What are the 2 factors that control MAP? What happens to these factors during exercise?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

  • CO increases during exercise
  • TPR decreases during exercise
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15
Q

What are the trends in vessel diameter and blood velocity, from the aorta to the capillaries to the vena cava?

A
  • Aorta = large diameter, fastest velocity
  • Capillaries = smallest diameter, slow velocity
  • Vena cava = largest diameter, medium velocity
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16
Q

Describe the pressure and volume distribution of the blood throughout the systemic circulation.

A

LOOKUP

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17
Q

Describe Poiseuille’s Law and the effects of pressure, radius, and length on flow through a vessel.

A
  • Flow through a tube is directly proportional to the driving pressure along the tube and r^4 (major factor)
  • Flow is inversely proportional to the length of the segment (constant) and the viscosity of the liquid (constant, minor factor)
18
Q

What is the effect of hematocrit on the relative viscosity of blood?

A

Hematocrit predicts blood viscosity

-Viscosity increases exponentially as hematocrit increases above 50%

19
Q

How does hematocrit change with training?

A

Decreases

20
Q

Define preload.

A

EDV (ventricular stretch) due to venous return

21
Q

Define afterload.

A

Pressure in the aorta that must be overcome in order to begin ejection phase

22
Q

Define contractility.

A

Velocity and force produced by heart muscle contraction

23
Q

What are the factors affecting preload? How does each affect cardiac function?

A
  • Cardiac output
  • Muscle pump
  • *increase in factors increases cardiac function
24
Q

What are the factors affecting afterload? How does each affect cardiac function?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses

**increase in factors decreases cardiac function

25
Q

What are the factors affecting contractility? How does each affect cardiac function?

A
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses
  • Circulating catecholamines
  • *increase in factors increases cardiac function
26
Q

What is the equation for venous return?

A

VR = (pressure in systemic veins - pressure in right atria) / resistance in great veins

27
Q

How would an increase in driving pressure (pressure in systemic veins) affect venous return?

A

Increases VR

28
Q

How would an increase in right atrial pressure affect venous return?

A

Decreases VR

29
Q

What are the mechanisms that increase P(sv) during exercise?

A
  • Venous muscle pump
  • Vasoconstriction of high compliance vessels
  • Venoconstriction
30
Q

How does vasoconstriction increase P(sv) during exercise?

A
  • Vasoconstriction of high compliance vascular beds automatically recruits blood back into the central circulation
  • Limits delivery of blood to high compliance vascular beds
31
Q

How does the CV system adapt to chronic dynamic exercise? (structural & regulatory changes)

A
  • Bigger hearts = increase in LV cavity and wall thickness
  • More blood = increase in plasma, decrease in hematocrit
  • Less stress = reduced catecholamine response to any submaximal workload, increase capacity for catecholamine secretion to support new maximal abilities
  • Vessels bud = more blood vessels for diffusion of O2 to the cells
32
Q

How does the Bainbridge reflex help match cardiac output to venous return?

A

HR accelerates during inhalation to accommodate the transient increase in VR created by negative intrathoracic pressure

33
Q

What are the 3 types of sympathetic receptors? Functions? Distribution?

A
  • alpha 1 = vasoconstriction of all vessels
  • beta 1 = increase in spontaneous depolarization and contractility in cardiac muscles and pacemakers
  • beta 2 = vasodilation in pulmonary bronchi and coronary arteries
34
Q

How does the venous muscle pump increase P(sv) during exercise?

A

Increase amount of muscle recruited & contractility of muscle

35
Q

From where are epinephrine and norepinephrine released?

A

Adrenal gland

36
Q

What are some factors that affect vessel diameter?

A
  • Venous muscle pump
  • Vasoconstriction of high compliance vessels
  • Venoconstriction
37
Q

Is there a general vasoconstriction or vasodilation at the onset of exercise? As exercise progresses?

A
  • Onset = vasoconstriction

- Progresses = vasodilation

38
Q

What are the factors involved in neuroendocrine control of circulation?

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

39
Q

What is the specificity of sympathetic nervous action dependent on?

A
  • Type of adrenergic receptors

- Local overrides

40
Q

To and from where is blood flow redistributed during exercise? How?

A
  • To organs in need

- From heart and major arteries

EXB 101 Midterm 2 (5 decks)

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