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24-1-2 Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 types of human tissue?

A

1 Muscle Tissue
2 Nervous Tissue
3 Epithelial tissue
4 Connective Tissue

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2
Q

Integumentary System is comprised of:

A

1 skin
2 hair
3 nails
4 accessory structures

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3
Q

What tissue generates the physical force to make the body structures move?

A

Muscle Tissue

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4
Q

What tissue initiates & transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities & help maintain homeostasis?

A

Nervous Tissue

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5
Q

What tissue covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes);
and forms glands?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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6
Q

What is the medical term for skin and the main portion of the integumentary system?

A

Epithelium

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7
Q

What tissue protects and supports the body and its organs?

A

Connective

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8
Q

What tissue provides immunity?

A

Connective

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9
Q

What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells?

A

Cell Junctions

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10
Q

What maintains the paracellular barrier of epithelia and controls paracellular transport?

A

Cell Junctions

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11
Q

What forms a barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial cells?

A

Tight Junction

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12
Q

What forms Cell-cell adhesions continuously assembled & disassembled so cells can
respond changes in their microenvironment.

A

Ahderens Junctions

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13
Q

What form stable adhesive junctions between cells?

A

Desmosomes

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14
Q

What allows various molecules & electrical signals to pass freely between cells?

A

Gap Junctions

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15
Q

What facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement
membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

What are the 2 categories of epithelial tissue?

A

1 Covering and lining epithelium
2 Glandular epithelium

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17
Q

What is the covering of the skin & outer covering of some internal organs. That lines body cavities, blood vessels, and ducts?

A

Covering and Lining Epithelium

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18
Q

What is the secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands?

A

Glandular epithelium

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19
Q

What is the most superficial layer of cells?

A

Apical layer

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20
Q

What is the deepest layer of the cells?

A

Basal layer

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21
Q

What is located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer?

A

Basement membrane

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22
Q

What are the 2 ways of classifying epithelial tissue?

A

1 Morphology
2 Stratification

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23
Q

What classification of epithelial cells is based on shape?

A

Morphology

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24
Q

What classification of epithelial cells is based on number of layers?

A

Stratification

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25
Q

What cells are flat shaped?

A

Squamous Epithelium

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26
Q

What cells are shaped like cubes?

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

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27
Q

What cells are shaped like the columns?

A

Columnar Epithelium

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28
Q

What cells change shape in response to stretching?

A

Transitional Epithelium

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29
Q

What tissue is thin, flat shaped and allows rapid passage of substances through them?

A

Squamous Epithelium

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30
Q

Where is Squamous Epithelium found in the lining of?

A

esophagus, mouth and cervix

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31
Q

Where is Cuboidal Epithelium found?

A

Salivary glands & thyroid follicles

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32
Q

What epithelium is often specialized for secretion and reabsorption?

A

Columnar Epithelium

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33
Q

Columnar Epithelium lines most organs in what tracts?

A

GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes

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34
Q

What epithelium is able to change shape?

A

Transitional Epithelium

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35
Q

What tissue can be keratinized or non-keratinized; “wet” or “dry” depending on their location in
the body?

A

Squamous Epithelium

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36
Q

What tissue is as tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons?

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

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37
Q

What are the 5 types of cell junctions?

A

1 Tight junction
2 Ahderens Junctions
3 Desmosomes
4 Gap junctions
5 Hemidesmosomes

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38
Q

What is a single layer of cells that functions in a diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and
absorption?

A

Simple epithelium

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39
Q

What are the 4 functions of simple epithelium?

A

1 Secretion
2 Osmosis
3 Diffusion
4 Absorption

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40
Q

What is simple epithelium that appears be stratified because the cell nuclei lie at
different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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41
Q

What is a specialized type of pseudostratified cell which secrete mucus?

A

goblet cells

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42
Q

Cilia provide what 2 forms of locomotion?

A

1 Movement of the cell itself
2 Movement of particles or substances around the cell

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43
Q

The lining of the nasopharynx and the trachea are covered in what?
to remove mucus, bacteria, and other debris from the lungs.

A

cilia

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44
Q

Fallopian tubes are lined with what? to assist in helping fertilization by moving the egg towards the uterus.

A

cilia

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45
Q

What increases the surface area of a cell?

A

Microvilli

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46
Q

What enable the absorption and secretion of far more
nutrients/material?

A

Microvilli

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47
Q

What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities & high friction resistance?

A

Keratin

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48
Q

Epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epidermis are called?

A

Keratinocytes

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49
Q

Keratinized/Non-keratinized?
Found on wet/interior surfaces such as lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and vagina.

A

Non-keratinized stratified epithelium

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50
Q

Keratinized/Non-keratinized?
Found on dry/outer surfaces such as the outer epidermis.

A

Keratinized stratified epithelium

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51
Q

What tissue supports & physically connects other tissues/cells together to form the organs of the
body?

A

Connective Tissue

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52
Q

What are the 3 components of Connective Tissues?

A

1 Resident Cells
2 Extracellular Matrix
3 Protein fibers

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53
Q

What are the 3 type of Connective Cells?

A

1 Fibroblasts
2 Adipocytes
3 Mast Cells

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54
Q

What are the 3 types of Connective Fibers?

A

1 Collagen
2 Elastic
3 Reticular

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55
Q

Most common cells in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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56
Q

Which CT cells produce & maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components?

A

Fibroblasts

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57
Q

Which CT cells synthesize & secrete collagen and elastin?

A

Fibroblasts

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58
Q

What CT cells are a major component of the reparative capacity of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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59
Q

Which CT cells are AKA fat cells?

A

Adipocytes

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60
Q

Which CT cells are specialized for cytoplasmic storage or production of heat?

A

Adipocytes

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61
Q

Which CT cells serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs?

A

Adipocytes

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62
Q

Which CT cells function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair?

A

Adipocytes

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63
Q

Which is the most abundant of CT fibers?

A

Collagen Fibers

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64
Q

Which CT fibers are very strong and resistant to shear forces?

A

Collagen Fibers

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65
Q

Which CT fibers have rubberlike properties that allow tissue to be stretched and return to their original shape?

A

Elastic fibers

66
Q

What CT fibers are found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs?

A

Elastic fibers

67
Q

Which CT fibers are compromised of glycogen and glycoprotein?

A

Reticular Fibers

68
Q

Which CT fibers provide strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels?

A

Reticular Fibers

69
Q

Which CT fibers support the immune system, liver, endocrine glands, spleen, lymph nodes?

A

Reticular Fibers

70
Q

What are the 3 types of cell membranes?

A

1 Mucous
2 Serous
3 Synovial

71
Q

Which cell membrane lines entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system?

A

Mucous Membranes

72
Q

The epithelial layer secretes mucous via what cells?

A

goblet cells

73
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Mucous Membrane?

A

1 Prevents cavities from drying out.
2 Traps particles in the respiratory tract.
3 Lubricates and absorbs food, secretes digestive enzymes.
4 Helps bind the epithelium to underlying structures.

74
Q

What membrane lines a body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior & covers organs that lie
within the cavity?

A

Serous Membranes

75
Q

What membrane is attached to the cavity wall?

A

Parietal

76
Q

What membrane covers and attaches to the organs?

A

Visceral

77
Q

What membrane secretes serous fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement?

A

Mesothelium

78
Q

What membrane lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs?

A

Pleura

79
Q

What membrane lines the heart cavity and covers the heart?

A

Pericardium

80
Q

What lines the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?

A

Peritoneum

81
Q

Which membrane lines joints?

A

Synovial Membranes

82
Q

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

A

1 Epidermis
2 Dermis

83
Q

Which layer is comprised of epithelial tissue?

A

Epidermis

84
Q

Which layer is comprised of connective tissue?

A

Dermis

85
Q

Which layer consists primarily of continually regenerating keratinocytes?

A

Epidermis

86
Q

How many days is the life cycle of keratinocytes?

A

30 days

87
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?

A

1 Corneum
2 Lucidum
3 Granulosum
4 Spinosum
5 Basale

88
Q

Which layer?
Cells consist mostly of keratin and are shed & replaced from below.

A

Stratum Corneum

89
Q

Which layer is the stem cells layer, where new cells arise?

A

Stratum Basale

90
Q

Which layer of skin is located between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues?

A

Dermis

91
Q

What is the layer of the dermis directly underneath the epidermis?

A

Papillary layer

92
Q

What specialized cells of the epidermis and hair follicle’s primary function is to synthesis
and transfer melanin to adjacent keratinocytes?

A

Melanocytes

93
Q

T/F
Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds?

A

True

94
Q

What causes differences of pigmentation in the skin?

A

amount of melanin

95
Q

Which cells in the skin respond to sustained pressure and touch?

A

Merkel Cells

96
Q

Which cells are a large part of the skin’s adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic Cells

97
Q

Which glands release secretions directly into the bloodstream?

A

Endocrine glands

98
Q

Which glands release secretions onto a epithelial surface via a duct?

A

Exocrine glands

99
Q

What are the 2 derm-specific exocrine glands?

A

1 Sebaceous
2 Sudoriferous

100
Q

Which exocrine gland in the skin opens into a hair follicle and secretes an oily/waxy sebum?

A

Sebaceous

101
Q

Which gland empties directly onto the skin surface, not from the hair follicles?

A

Eccrine

102
Q

Which gland is attached to the hair follicle; sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening?

A

Apocrine

103
Q

What sweat is cloudy, viscous, initially odorless?

A

Apocrine

104
Q

Distal margin of nail plate

A

Free edge

105
Q

Portion of the nail that is visible; colored pink because
of underlying capillaries

A

Nail body (plate)

106
Q

Surrounded by a soft tissue border known as the…?

A

lateral and proximal nail folds

107
Q

Visible part of the matrix; whitish crescent at base of nail
plate

A

Lunula (little moon)

108
Q

Semi-circular layer of epithelial cells (stratum corneum) covering the
proximal portion of nail plate

A

Cuticle

109
Q

Thickened area of stratum corneum beneath the free edge that attaches
the free edge to the fingertip

A

Nail bed

110
Q

Portion of the nail that is not visible

A

Nail root

111
Q

Proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root where new
nail cells are produced

A

Nail matrix

112
Q

Lack of oxygen in the blood will make the skin appear…

A

Cyanotic

113
Q

due to a buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin,
indicated liver disease

A

Jaundice

114
Q

due to an engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with
blood. Due to skin injury, exposure to heat, inflammation, or allergic reaction

A

Erythema

115
Q

paleness may occur in condition such as shock and anemia

A

Pallor

116
Q

What are the 3 main pigments that influence skin pigmentation?

A

1 Melanin
2 Carotene
3 Hemoglobin

117
Q

= darker brown to black skin tones

A

High melanin rate

118
Q

= yellow to reddish tones

A

High carotene rate

119
Q

= red to pinkish tone

A

High hemoglobin rate

120
Q

What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color?

A

Melanin

121
Q

What stimulates melanin production?

A

UV light exposure

122
Q

A genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment the eyes, skin or hair.

A

Albinism

123
Q

Acquired depigmentation the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes.

A

Vitiligo

124
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skin?

A

1 Temperature regulation
2 Protection
3 Sensation
4 Excretion/Absorption/Synthesis
5 Vitamin D

125
Q

In high environmental temperatures, sweat production ____________, and dermal blood vessels _________

A

-increases
-dilate

126
Q

In low environmental temperatures, sweat production ____________, and dermal blood vessels ________

A

-decreases
-constrict

127
Q

What is produced in the epidermis that protects from microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss, and chemicals?

A

Keratin (protein)

128
Q

What is released by lamellar granules inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevent dehydration?

A

Lipids (fats)

129
Q

What provides protection against damaging effects of UV light?

A

Melanin (pigment)

130
Q

What prevent hair from drying out, are mildly
bactericidal and have acidic pH?

A

Sebum (fat, wax esters, fatty acids)

131
Q

Which receptors detect touch?

A

Mechanoreceptors

132
Q

Which receptors detect pressure?

A

baroreceptors

133
Q

Which receptors detect vibration?

A

Meissner Corpuscles

134
Q

What is converted to calcitriol which aids in the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus?

A

Vitamin D

135
Q

5 signs of Inflammation:

A

1 Hyperthermia
2 Erythema
3 Edema
4 Pain
5 Loss of function

136
Q

What are the 3 Derm Inflammation patterns?

A

1 Granulomatous
2 Suppurative
3 Ulcerative

137
Q

Which derm pattern appears cystic?

A

Granulomatous

138
Q

Which derm pattern appears like an abscess?

A

Suppurative

139
Q

Which derm pattern appears like an ulcer?

A

Ulcerative

140
Q

What is inevitable physiologic changes of the skin?

A

Intrinsic aging

141
Q

What are preventable structural & functional changes of the skin?

A

Extrinsic aging

142
Q

What are some examples of Extrinsic aging?

A
  • Environmental factors
  • Lifestyle (tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs, etc.)
  • Social determinants
  • Elective cosmetic surgeries
143
Q

What is the most important source of preventable extrinsic aging?

A

UV radiation exposure

144
Q

Epidermal Aging

A

1 turnover rate decreases = decrease of wound
repair
2 Overall thinning = easier injury to underlying tissue
3 Decrease # & function of melanocytes =
elevated risk of skin cancer
4 Reduction & responsiveness of Langerhans cells = weakened cutaneous immunity

145
Q

Dermal Aging

A

1 reduction of collagen fiber
2 reduction of elastin fiber
3 decreased skin hydration

146
Q

Tissue repair occurs by what 2 separate processes?

A

1 Regeneration
2 Replacement

147
Q

What is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has capacity for continuous
renewal?

A

Epithelial Tissue

148
Q

How long after post injury is the Inflammation phase?

A

1-3 days

149
Q

How long after post injury is the Proliferative Phase?

A

2-10 days

150
Q

How long after post injury is the Early Remodeling Phase?

A

2–3 weeks

151
Q

How long after post injury is the Late Remodeling Phase?

A

months to > 1 year

152
Q

What form of healing relies on dermal edges that are close together and easily closed by
sutures, staples, and dermal adhesive?

A

Healing by Primary Intention

153
Q

What form of healing relies on formation of granulation tissue to fill the space between the wound opening or edges, such as packing?

A

Healing by Secondary Intention

154
Q

Which serous membrane is attached to the cavity wall?

A

Parietal

155
Q

Which serous membrane covers and attaches to the organs?

A

Visceral

156
Q

Which serous membrane secretes fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement?

A

Mesothelium

157
Q

Which serous membrane lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs?

A

Pleura

158
Q

Which serous membrane lines the heart cavity and covers the heart?

A

Pericardium

159
Q

Which serous membrane lines the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?

A

Peritoneum

160
Q

What tissue?
(a) Protects and supports the body and its organs
(b) Binds organs together
(c) Stores energy reserves as fat
(d) Provides immunity

A

Connective

Derm (3 decks)

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