24-1-2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 types of human tissue?
A
1 Muscle Tissue
2 Nervous Tissue
3 Epithelial tissue
4 Connective Tissue
2
Q
Integumentary System is comprised of:
A
1 skin
2 hair
3 nails
4 accessory structures
3
Q
What tissue generates the physical force to make the body structures move?
A
Muscle Tissue
4
Q
What tissue initiates & transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities & help maintain homeostasis?
A
Nervous Tissue
5
Q
What tissue covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes);
and forms glands?
A
Epithelial Tissue
6
Q
What is the medical term for skin and the main portion of the integumentary system?
A
Epithelium
7
Q
What tissue protects and supports the body and its organs?
A
Connective
8
Q
What tissue provides immunity?
A
Connective
9
Q
What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells?
A
Cell Junctions
10
Q
What maintains the paracellular barrier of epithelia and controls paracellular transport?
A
Cell Junctions
11
Q
What forms a barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial cells?
A
Tight Junction
12
Q
What forms Cell-cell adhesions continuously assembled & disassembled so cells can
respond changes in their microenvironment.
A
Ahderens Junctions
13
Q
What form stable adhesive junctions between cells?
A
Desmosomes
14
Q
What allows various molecules & electrical signals to pass freely between cells?
A
Gap Junctions
15
Q
What facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement
membrane?
A
Hemidesmosomes
16
Q
What are the 2 categories of epithelial tissue?
A
1 Covering and lining epithelium
2 Glandular epithelium
17
Q
What is the covering of the skin & outer covering of some internal organs. That lines body cavities, blood vessels, and ducts?
A
Covering and Lining Epithelium
18
Q
What is the secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands?
A
Glandular epithelium
19
Q
What is the most superficial layer of cells?
A
Apical layer
20
Q
What is the deepest layer of the cells?
A
Basal layer
21
Q
What is located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer?
A
Basement membrane
22
Q
What are the 2 ways of classifying epithelial tissue?
A
1 Morphology
2 Stratification
23
Q
What classification of epithelial cells is based on shape?
A
Morphology
24
Q
What classification of epithelial cells is based on number of layers?
A
Stratification
25
What cells are flat shaped?
Squamous Epithelium
26
What cells are shaped like cubes?
Cuboidal Epithelium
27
What cells are shaped like the columns?
Columnar Epithelium
28
What cells change shape in response to stretching?
Transitional Epithelium
29
What tissue is thin, flat shaped and allows rapid passage of substances through them?
Squamous Epithelium
30
Where is Squamous Epithelium found in the lining of?
esophagus, mouth and cervix
31
Where is Cuboidal Epithelium found?
Salivary glands & thyroid follicles
32
What epithelium is often specialized for secretion and reabsorption?
Columnar Epithelium
33
Columnar Epithelium lines most organs in what tracts?
GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes
34
What epithelium is able to change shape?
Transitional Epithelium
35
What tissue can be keratinized or non-keratinized; “wet” or “dry” depending on their location in
the body?
Squamous Epithelium
36
What tissue is as tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons?
Cuboidal Epithelium
37
What are the 5 types of cell junctions?
1 Tight junction
2 Ahderens Junctions
3 Desmosomes
4 Gap junctions
5 Hemidesmosomes
38
What is a single layer of cells that functions in a diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and
absorption?
Simple epithelium
39
What are the 4 functions of simple epithelium?
1 Secretion
2 Osmosis
3 Diffusion
4 Absorption
40
What is simple epithelium that appears be stratified because the cell nuclei lie at
different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface?
Pseudostratified epithelium
41
What is a specialized type of pseudostratified cell which secrete mucus?
goblet cells
42
Cilia provide what 2 forms of locomotion?
1 Movement of the cell itself
2 Movement of particles or substances around the cell
43
The lining of the nasopharynx and the trachea are covered in what?
to remove mucus, bacteria, and other debris from the lungs.
cilia
44
Fallopian tubes are lined with what? to assist in helping fertilization by moving the egg towards the uterus.
cilia
45
What increases the surface area of a cell?
Microvilli
46
What enable the absorption and secretion of far more
nutrients/material?
Microvilli
47
What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities & high friction resistance?
Keratin
48
Epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epidermis are called?
Keratinocytes
49
Keratinized/Non-keratinized?
Found on wet/interior surfaces such as lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and vagina.
Non-keratinized stratified epithelium
50
Keratinized/Non-keratinized?
Found on dry/outer surfaces such as the outer epidermis.
Keratinized stratified epithelium
51
What tissue supports & physically connects other tissues/cells together to form the organs of the
body?
Connective Tissue
52
What are the 3 components of Connective Tissues?
1 Resident Cells
2 Extracellular Matrix
3 Protein fibers
53
What are the 3 type of Connective Cells?
1 Fibroblasts
2 Adipocytes
3 Mast Cells
54
What are the 3 types of Connective Fibers?
1 Collagen
2 Elastic
3 Reticular
55
Most common cells in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
56
Which CT cells produce & maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components?
Fibroblasts
57
Which CT cells synthesize & secrete collagen and elastin?
Fibroblasts
58
What CT cells are a major component of the reparative capacity of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
59
Which CT cells are AKA fat cells?
Adipocytes
60
Which CT cells are specialized for cytoplasmic storage or production of heat?
Adipocytes
61
Which CT cells serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs?
Adipocytes
62
Which CT cells function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair?
Adipocytes
63
Which is the most abundant of CT fibers?
Collagen Fibers
64
Which CT fibers are very strong and resistant to shear forces?
Collagen Fibers
65
Which CT fibers have rubberlike properties that allow tissue to be stretched and return to their original shape?
Elastic fibers
66
What CT fibers are found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs?
Elastic fibers
67
Which CT fibers are compromised of glycogen and glycoprotein?
Reticular Fibers
68
Which CT fibers provide strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels?
Reticular Fibers
69
Which CT fibers support the immune system, liver, endocrine glands, spleen, lymph nodes?
Reticular Fibers
70
What are the 3 types of cell membranes?
1 Mucous
2 Serous
3 Synovial
71
Which cell membrane lines entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system?
Mucous Membranes
72
The epithelial layer secretes mucous via what cells?
goblet cells
73
What are the 4 functions of the Mucous Membrane?
1 Prevents cavities from drying out.
2 Traps particles in the respiratory tract.
3 Lubricates and absorbs food, secretes digestive enzymes.
4 Helps bind the epithelium to underlying structures.
74
What membrane lines a body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior & covers organs that lie
within the cavity?
Serous Membranes
75
What membrane is attached to the cavity wall?
Parietal
76
What membrane covers and attaches to the organs?
Visceral
77
What membrane secretes serous fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement?
Mesothelium
78
What membrane lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs?
Pleura
79
What membrane lines the heart cavity and covers the heart?
Pericardium
80
What lines the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?
Peritoneum
81
Which membrane lines joints?
Synovial Membranes
82
What are the 2 layers of the skin?
1 Epidermis
2 Dermis
83
Which layer is comprised of epithelial tissue?
Epidermis
84
Which layer is comprised of connective tissue?
Dermis
85
Which layer consists primarily of continually regenerating keratinocytes?
Epidermis
86
How many days is the life cycle of keratinocytes?
30 days
87
What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?
1 Corneum
2 Lucidum
3 Granulosum
4 Spinosum
5 Basale
88
Which layer?
Cells consist mostly of keratin and are shed & replaced from below.
Stratum Corneum
89
Which layer is the stem cells layer, where new cells arise?
Stratum Basale
90
Which layer of skin is located between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues?
Dermis
91
What is the layer of the dermis directly underneath the epidermis?
Papillary layer
92
What specialized cells of the epidermis and hair follicle's primary function is to synthesis
and transfer melanin to adjacent keratinocytes?
Melanocytes
93
T/F
Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds?
True
94
What causes differences of pigmentation in the skin?
amount of melanin
95
Which cells in the skin respond to sustained pressure and touch?
Merkel Cells
96
Which cells are a large part of the skin’s adaptive immunity?
Dendritic Cells
97
Which glands release secretions directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine glands
98
Which glands release secretions onto a epithelial surface via a duct?
Exocrine glands
99
What are the 2 derm-specific exocrine glands?
1 Sebaceous
2 Sudoriferous
100
Which exocrine gland in the skin opens into a hair follicle and secretes an oily/waxy sebum?
Sebaceous
101
Which gland empties directly onto the skin surface, not from the hair follicles?
Eccrine
102
Which gland is attached to the hair follicle; sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening?
Apocrine
103
What sweat is cloudy, viscous, initially odorless?
Apocrine
104
Distal margin of nail plate
Free edge
105
Portion of the nail that is visible; colored pink because
of underlying capillaries
Nail body (plate)
106
Surrounded by a soft tissue border known as the...?
lateral and proximal nail folds
107
Visible part of the matrix; whitish crescent at base of nail
plate
Lunula (little moon)
108
Semi-circular layer of epithelial cells (stratum corneum) covering the
proximal portion of nail plate
Cuticle
109
Thickened area of stratum corneum beneath the free edge that attaches
the free edge to the fingertip
Nail bed
110
Portion of the nail that is not visible
Nail root
111
Proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root where new
nail cells are produced
Nail matrix
112
Lack of oxygen in the blood will make the skin appear...
Cyanotic
113
due to a buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin,
indicated liver disease
Jaundice
114
due to an engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with
blood. Due to skin injury, exposure to heat, inflammation, or allergic reaction
Erythema
115
paleness may occur in condition such as shock and anemia
Pallor
116
What are the 3 main pigments that influence skin pigmentation?
1 Melanin
2 Carotene
3 Hemoglobin
117
= darker brown to black skin tones
High melanin rate
118
= yellow to reddish tones
High carotene rate
119
= red to pinkish tone
High hemoglobin rate
120
What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color?
Melanin
121
What stimulates melanin production?
UV light exposure
122
A genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment the eyes, skin or hair.
Albinism
123
Acquired depigmentation the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes.
Vitiligo
124
What are the 5 functions of the skin?
1 Temperature regulation
2 Protection
3 Sensation
4 Excretion/Absorption/Synthesis
5 Vitamin D
125
In high environmental temperatures, sweat production ____________, and dermal blood vessels _________
-increases
-dilate
126
In low environmental temperatures, sweat production ____________, and dermal blood vessels ________
-decreases
-constrict
127
What is produced in the epidermis that protects from microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss, and chemicals?
Keratin (protein)
128
What is released by lamellar granules inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevent dehydration?
Lipids (fats)
129
What provides protection against damaging effects of UV light?
Melanin (pigment)
130
What prevent hair from drying out, are mildly
bactericidal and have acidic pH?
Sebum (fat, wax esters, fatty acids)
131
Which receptors detect touch?
Mechanoreceptors
132
Which receptors detect pressure?
baroreceptors
133
Which receptors detect vibration?
Meissner Corpuscles
134
What is converted to calcitriol which aids in the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus?
Vitamin D
135
5 signs of Inflammation:
1 Hyperthermia
2 Erythema
3 Edema
4 Pain
5 Loss of function
136
What are the 3 Derm Inflammation patterns?
1 Granulomatous
2 Suppurative
3 Ulcerative
137
Which derm pattern appears cystic?
Granulomatous
138
Which derm pattern appears like an abscess?
Suppurative
139
Which derm pattern appears like an ulcer?
Ulcerative
140
What is inevitable physiologic changes of the skin?
Intrinsic aging
141
What are preventable structural & functional changes of the skin?
Extrinsic aging
142
What are some examples of Extrinsic aging?
- Environmental factors
- Lifestyle (tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs, etc.)
- Social determinants
- Elective cosmetic surgeries
143
What is the most important source of preventable extrinsic aging?
UV radiation exposure
144
Epidermal Aging
1 turnover rate decreases = decrease of wound
repair
2 Overall thinning = easier injury to underlying tissue
3 Decrease # & function of melanocytes =
elevated risk of skin cancer
4 Reduction & responsiveness of Langerhans cells = weakened cutaneous immunity
145
Dermal Aging
1 reduction of collagen fiber
2 reduction of elastin fiber
3 decreased skin hydration
146
Tissue repair occurs by what 2 separate processes?
1 Regeneration
2 Replacement
147
What is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has capacity for continuous
renewal?
Epithelial Tissue
148
How long after post injury is the Inflammation phase?
1-3 days
149
How long after post injury is the Proliferative Phase?
2-10 days
150
How long after post injury is the Early Remodeling Phase?
2–3 weeks
151
How long after post injury is the Late Remodeling Phase?
months to > 1 year
152
What form of healing relies on dermal edges that are close together and easily closed by
sutures, staples, and dermal adhesive?
Healing by Primary Intention
153
What form of healing relies on formation of granulation tissue to fill the space between the wound opening or edges, such as packing?
Healing by Secondary Intention
154
Which serous membrane is attached to the cavity wall?
Parietal
155
Which serous membrane covers and attaches to the organs?
Visceral
156
Which serous membrane secretes fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement?
Mesothelium
157
Which serous membrane lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs?
Pleura
158
Which serous membrane lines the heart cavity and covers the heart?
Pericardium
159
Which serous membrane lines the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?
Peritoneum
160
What tissue?
(a) Protects and supports the body and its organs
(b) Binds organs together
(c) Stores energy reserves as fat
(d) Provides immunity
Connective
