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Biology AS- Chapter 2.3- Nucleic Acids > 2.3.1- DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid > Flashcards

2.3.1- DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the word ‘monomer’.

A

A molecule that when repeated makes up a polymer

E.g; amino acids are the monomers of proteins and nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.

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2
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A molecule consisting of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

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3
Q

What is a ‘double helix’?

A

The shape of a DNA Molecule caused by the coiling of the sugar phosphate backbone into a right handed spiral shape.

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4
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

Large molecule that contains many nucleotides.

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5
Q

How are the components of a nucleotide lined together?

A

Covalent bonding formed by condensation reactions.

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6
Q

What three things do nucleotides form the monomers of?

A

Nucleic Acids

DNA

RNA

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7
Q

In a nucleotide molecule, explain what carbon he nitrogenous base and the phosphate group are linked to on the sugar residue.

A

Nitrogenous base linked to C1

Phosphate group linked to C3/5

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8
Q

When do nucleotides become phosphorylated nucleotides?

A

When they contain more than one phosphate group- e.g. ADP+ATP.

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9
Q

Define what ATP is.

A

An energy Rich end product of hydrolysis used to provide cellular energy and drive most cellular metabolic pathways that require energy.

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10
Q

What do nucleotides help to regulate?

A

Many metabolic pathways. E.g; by ATP/ADP.

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11
Q

Nucleotides can be the components of what?

A

Many coenzymes

E.g. Adenine nucleotides components of co enzymes NADP/ A/NAD+FAD

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12
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous base that are found in DNA?

A

T. Thymine.
A. Adenine.
G. Guanine.
C. Cytosine.

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13
Q

Explain the difference in nitrogenous bases between DNA and RNA.

A

In RNA, all bases that would be thymine become ‘Uracil’.

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14
Q

List three places where DNA is found, in different cell types.

A

Eukaryotes- in nuclei

Prokaryotes- in cytoplasm

In some virus types

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15
Q

DNA is one of the important macromolecules that make up living organisms. What are the other three?

A

Proteins.

Carbohydrates.

Lipids.

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16
Q

DNA is a polymer that is made up of what?

A

Many repeating units of nucleotides.

17
Q

There are _______ polynucleotide strands in DNA.

A

Two.

18
Q

The strands in DNA run in opposite directions, hence are described as ________

A

Antiparallel.

19
Q

The covalent bond formed between the sugar residue and the phosphate group in the nucleotide is called what?

A

Phosphodiester Bond

20
Q

When do phosphodiester bonds break?

A

When polynucleotides break down.

21
Q

What are the two forms of nitrogenous base and how many rings are in these bases?

A

Purine- two rings.

Pyrimidine- one ring

22
Q

Categorise the A/T/C/G nitrogenous bases into purine and pyrimidine.

A

Thymine+Guanine are Pyrimidine- one ring.

Cytosine and Adenine are Purine- two rings.

23
Q

Adenine and ______ always bond together by ________ hydrogen bonds in the formation of DNA.

A

Thymine.

Two Hydrogen Bonds.

24
Q

Cytosine and _________ always pair together in DNA formation by _______ hydrogen bonds between the bases.

A

Guanine.

Three Hydrogen Bonds.

25
Q

What gives the DNA molecule its stability?

A

The fact it is able to form a double helix by coiling

26
Q

Hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecule between nitrogenous bases allow the molecule to unzip for what two processes?

A

Transcription

Replication

27
Q

What is the ‘5’ end’ referring to in reals room to the antiparallel nature of DNA molecules.

A

The end of the molecule where the phosphate group is attached to C5 of the deoxyribose sugar.

3’end is attached to C3 on deoxyribose sugar

28
Q

What do the ‘rungs of the ladder’ refer to when discussing the shape of the DNA molecule?

A

The complementary base pairs joined together by hydrogen bonds.

29
Q

The integrity of the coded information within the base sequences in a DNA strand is _________

A

Protected.

30
Q

Where is the majority of DNA in eukaryotes?

A

The nucleus.

31
Q

Explain how the DNA is arranged in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

A

Each large DNA molecule is tightly wound around histone proteins into chromosomes- each DNA molecule makes a chromosome.

32
Q

In which two locations in eukaryotic cells, other than the nucleus, will you find a loop of DNA (without histones).

A

> mitochondria

>chloroplasts

33
Q

Explain the arrangement of DNA in prokaryotic cells.

A

In a loop in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, not wrapped around histones and is described as ‘naked’.

34
Q

How do DNA containing viruses have their DNA?

A

Naked- in the same at that prokaryotic cells have theirs.

Biology AS- Chapter 2.3- Nucleic Acids (3 decks)

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