2.3 Using Directories and Listing Files

Question 1

Directories and Files

display hierarchical listing of directory tree

Answer 1

tree

Question 2

Directories and Files

path type

/home/user/Downloads

Answer 2

absolute

Question 3

Directories and Files

path type

../Reports

Answer 3

relative

Question 4

Directories and Files

path type

/var

Answer 4

absolute

Question 5

Directories and Files

path type

docs

Answer 5

relative

Question 6

Directories and Files

path type

/

Answer 6

absolute

Question 7

Directories and Files

Combining long list with human readable file sizes will give us useful suffixes such as M for
megabytes or K for kilobytes

Answer 7

ls -lh

human readable

Question 8

Directories and Files

The -d option will list directories but not their contents. Combining this with */ will show only
subdirectories and no files.

Answer 8

ls -d */

directories

Question 9

Directories and Files

Combines long list with the option to sort by modification time. The files with the most recent
changes will be at the top, and files with the oldest changes will be at the bottom. But this order
can be reversed with:

Answer 9

ls -lt

Question 10

Directories and Files

Combines long list with sort by (modification) time, combined with -r which reverses the sort.
Now files with the most recent changes are at the bottom of the list. In addition to sorting by
modification time, files can also be sorted by access time or by status time

Answer 10

ls -lrt

Question 11

Directories and Files

Combines long list with the option to sort by file eXtension. This will, for example, group all files
ending with .txt together, all files ending with .jpg together, and so on.

Answer 11

ls -lx

Question 12

Directories and Files

The -S sorts by file size, much in the same way as -t and -X sort by time and extension
respectively. The largest files will come first, and smallest last. Note that the contents of
subdirectories are not included in the sort

Answer 12

ls -S

size

Question 13

Directories and Files

ls -R
The -R option will modify the ls command to display a recursive list. What does this mean?

Answer 13

refers to a situation when “something is defined in terms of itself”.

Question 14

Directories and Files

sort by file extension

Answer 14

-X(eXtension)

Question 15

Directories and Files

generates a list of all files and directories and indicates size of each

Answer 15

du

Question 16

Directories and Files

the -s switch used with the du command

Answer 16

display file size of all files , dirs and subdirs

Question 17

Directories and Files

an alias of ls -l in bash

Answer 17

ll