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BIO - Module 2 > 2.3 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

2.3 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Describe:

The structure of a nucleotide

A
  • Phosphate group
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • Nitrogenous base
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2
Q

What type of reactions form polynucleotide strands?

A

Condensation reaction

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3
Q

Which bases are purine?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine

AG:

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4
Q

How are purine and pyrimidine bases distinguished?

A
  • Purine are two ring
  • pyrimidine are one ring
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5
Q

Which bases are pyrimadine?

A
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil

TC:

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6
Q

Why is DNA replication described as semiconservative?

A

One strand comes from the old molecule, one strand is new

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7
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase?

A

Breaks H-bonds between base pairs

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8
Q

Describe:

The process of DNA strand formation

A
  • Free nucleotides attatch to exposed pairs by complimentary base pairing
  • DNA polymerise joins the bases in a 5’ to 3’ direction with a condensation reaction
  • H bonds are reformed
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9
Q

In which direction does DNA polymerase join bases?

A

5’ to 3’

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10
Q

Describe:

Features of the genetic code

A
  • Non-overlapping
  • Degenerate
  • Universal
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11
Q

Define:

Non-overlapping

A

each triplet is only read once

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12
Q

Define:

Degenerate

A

More than one triplet can code for the same amino acid

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13
Q

Define:

Universal

A

The same base sequence codes for the same amino acid across all species

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14
Q

What does transcription produce?

A

mRNA

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15
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Describe:

Transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase binds to the gene
  • DNA helix uncoils and exposes the bases
  • Free nucleotides are attracted to their complimentary bases
  • RNA polymerase joins the nucleotides to form phosphodiester bonds
17
Q

What happens after transcription?

A
  • RNA polymerase detatches
  • H bonds reform
  • DNA rewinds
  • mRNA moves out of the nucleus via the nuclear pore
18
Q

What is produced by translation?

A

Proteins

19
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes

20
Q

Describe:

Translation

A
  • Ribosomes move along the mRNA until they reach the ‘start’ codon
  • tRNA anticodon attatches to complimentary bases on mRNA
  • Condensation reactions between amino acids on the tRNA form peptide bonds
  • Repeats down the chain until a ‘stop’ codon is reached
21
Q

Describe:

The structure of ATP

A
  • Adenine
  • Ribose
  • Three phosphate groups
22
Q

Describe:

The structure of ADP

A
  • Adenine
  • Ribose
  • Two phosphate groups
23
Q

What is a mutation?

A

An alteration to the DNA base sequence that occurs randomly during DNA replication

24
Q

What enzyme is used to precipitate DNA?

A
  • Protease
  • Breaks down proteins associatted with DNA
25
Q

Name:

The process by which DNA forms a layer after seperation

A

Precipitation

26
Q
A

BIO - Module 2 (3 decks)

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