2.3 Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the human body?

A

23 pairs, 46 total

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do the egg and sperm have?

A

23

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4
Q

What are genes?

A

sections of DNA

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5
Q

What do genes do?

A

code for specific characteristics

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6
Q

What are genes that come in different forms called?

A

alleles

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7
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

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8
Q

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Pentose sugar
  • Nitrogenous base
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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do A + T have?

A

2

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10
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do C + G have?

A

3

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11
Q

How do the base and sugar join?

A

Glycosidic bond

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12
Q

How do the phosphate and sugar join?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

What sort of reaction do the bonds require?

A

Condensation reaction

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14
Q

What are the purines and what are their structure?

A
  • Adenine + Guanine
  • double ringed structure
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15
Q

What are the pyrimidines and what is their structure?

A
  • Thymine + Cytosine
  • Single ringed structure
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16
Q

What does semi-conservation mean?

A

one parent DNA strand and one new daughter strand

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17
Q

What does Gyrase do?

A

Unwinds DNA

18
Q

What does Helicase do?

A

Unzips DNA

19
Q

What does Primase do?

A

Signals where the nucleotides are added

20
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

adds the nucleotides

21
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

sticks the lagging strand fragments

22
Q

What are okazaki fragments?

A

short sequences of DNA nucleotides for lagging strands

23
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

the new strand of DNA whose direction is opposite to the direction of the old strand

24
Q

When does DNA replication happen?

A

In the interphase before cell division

25
Q

Why does DNA replication happen?

A

Because when cells divide, they need the same amount of DNA

26
Q

What are the products of DNA replication?

A

2 semi conservative DNA strands

27
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

28
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
29
Q

In RNA, what does Adenine pair with?

A

Uracil

30
Q

How do the sugar phosphate backbones run?

A

In opposite directions

31
Q

What do hydrogen bonds between the bases do?

A

stabilise the structure

32
Q

How do the bases pair?

A

Purine to pyrimidine

33
Q

What do RNA molecules do?

A

Convert the instructions in DNA

34
Q

What sort of sugar does RNA have?

A

ribose

35
Q

What is a protein?

A
  • Polymer of units linked by peptide bonds
  • built up from 20 amino acids
36
Q

What is transcription?

A

When DNA is read to produce a strand of mRNA

37
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

binds to DNA strand and unwinds small section to travel along building an RNA molecule from the template strand.

38
Q

What is translation?

A

Where mRNA is read to produce a strand of protein chain

39
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Short strand of RNA which carries anti codon

40
Q

What does tRNA attach to?

A

mRNA strand

41
Q

What do anticodon molecules have?

A

area with 3 bare bases which match to corresponding bases on mRNA

42
Q

How can you describe the arrangement of the DNA molecule?

A

antiparallel