2.3 Macroeconomic Objectives Flashcards
What is unemployment?
When people are willing and able to work and actively seeking unemployment but unable to find work.
Why is low unemployment a key macroeconomic objective?
- Compliments economics growth - higher employment leads to greater national expenditure, tends to increase standards of living in economy.
- Increases tax revenues, income tax from employment, sales taxes from increase expenditure, stamp duty from sale and purchase of property.
- Reduces tax burden on government - less of a need for taxpayer to fund welfare benefits as more people are working.
- Prevents a brain drain from economy where skilled workers pursue better employment in other countries.
What does the unemployment rate calculate?
Percentage of labour force that is unemployed.
How is the unemployment rate calculated?
(number of unemployed people)/(labour force) x 100
Whom does the labour force consist of?
Consists of employed, self employed, unemployed - all those in work and actively seeking employment.
What does the United Nations International Labour Organisation (ILO) state the minimum age to enter the labour force?
15 is the minimum age to enter the labour force, no official upper limit.
How does the ILO measure a country’s unemployment?
Based on number of people who are:
- Willing to work but unable to find it
- Actively looking for work -looked for a job in last 4 weeks, able to start work in next 2 weeks
- Waiting to start a new job in next 2 weeks.
Why is unemployment bad for a country?
Represents inefficient use of scarce resources, hindering its potential national output.
What is hidden unemployment?
Some people escape official measure of unemployment - an underestimation of true rate of unemployment.
What are some examples of hidden unemployment?
Discouraged workers - not wiling to work so are excluded from the calculation.
Overstaffing - workers who are not fully utilised.
What is underemployment?
People are inadequately employed - employed but in jobs that do not fully use skills or abilities eg involuntary part time workers, overqualified workers education, experience and skills and qualifications beyond requirements of job.
How do regional disparities make measuring unemployment difficult?
Measurement of unemployment is average measure so ignores disparities in regional rates of unemployment.
How do ethnic disparities make measuring unemployment difficult?
Ethnic minority groups suffer from higher than average rates of unemployment for longer periods.
How do age disparities make measuring unemployment difficult?
Unemployment rates among the young and older people are higher than those officially reported for the nation.
How do gender disparities make measuring unemployment difficult?
Females tend to experience higher average rates of unemployment than men. Men also re enter the labour market quicker.
What are some economic consequences of unemployment?
A loss of GDP Loss of tax revenues Increases cost of unemployment benefits Loss of income for individuals Greater disparities in the distribution of income
How does a loss of GDP affect the economy?
Lower GDP (negative economic growth) has detrimental consequences on the economy including a fall in its international competitiveness.
How does a loss of tax revenues affect the economy?
Unemployment results in lower income and expenditure thus resulting in lower tax revenues for the government.
How does increased cost of unemployment benefits affect the economy?
Unemployment creates an increased opportunity cost of government expenditure on unemployment benefits. Prolonged periods of high unemployment can therefore lead to increased government debts.
How does a loss of income for individuals affect the economy?
Unemployment results in lower household incomes with negative consequences for individuals and their families. If prolonged unemployment can cause or increase poverty in the economy.
How does greater disparities in the distribution of income affect the economy?
As women, the youth, ethnic minority groups and those living in rural areas tend to suffer more form prolonged periods of unemployment the result will be greater discrepancies in the distribution of income and wealth.
What are some social consequences of unemployment?
Stress
Crime
Indebtedness
Social deprivation
How does stress from unemployment affect people?
Suffer from stress, depression, health problems and low self esteem. Prolonged periods of unemployment can lead to homelessness and family breakdowns such as arguments, separations and divorce.
How does crime from unemployment affect people?
Can cause deprivations and desperation thus leading to increased crime such as theft and vandalism.