[2.3] ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ATP made of?

A
  • 1 adenine (nitrogen containing base)
  • ribose (5 carbon sugar)
  • 3 phosphate groups in a chain
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2
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine 5’ triphosphate

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3
Q

what does ADP and AMP stand for?

A
  • adenosine 5’ diphosphate
  • adenosine 5’ monophosphate

(guess the difference lmaoo)

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4
Q

how is ATP a large source of energy?

A
  • ℗ - ℗ - ℗
  • 1st chain = little energy
  • 2nd chain = some energy
  • 3rd chain = a lot of energy
  • phosphate chain is easily broken down to release energy
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5
Q

why is the last phosphate usually the first one to be removed?

A

bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups are unstable so have low activation energy

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6
Q

where is ATP formed?

A

in the mitochondria

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7
Q

how is ATP broken down?

A
  • the enzyme ATP hydrolase (ATPase) breaks down ATP into ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) in a hydrolysis reaction
  • ATP + H₂O -> ADP + Pi + energy
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8
Q

how is ATP formed?

A

enzyme ATP synthase makes ATP from ADP and Pi in a condensation reaction

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9
Q

what are some uses of energy from ATP? [6]

A
  • movement
  • secretion of molecules
  • metabolic processes
  • active transport
  • polymerisation reactions eg. starch
  • molecule activation
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10
Q

how is energy from ATP used for movement?

A

ATP provides energy for muscle contraction

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11
Q

how is energy from ATP used for metabolic processes?

A

ATP provides energy to build big molecules

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12
Q

how is energy from ATP used in active transport?

A

to move particles against a concentration gradient

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13
Q

how is energy from ATP used for molecule activation?

A

phosphorylate compounds lower activation energy for enzyme controlled reactions

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14
Q

why is ATP so useful in biological processes? [5]

A
  • releases energy in smaller, more manageable amounts
  • energy is released quickly as there is one step with only one enzyme, ATPase
  • released inorganic phosphate can also be used
    > can be added to another compound which makes it more reactive and thus lowers its activation energy
  • releases energy instantaneously
  • cannot leave cells so cannot be lost
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15
Q

what are the 3 ways in which ATP synthesis can occur?

A
  1. during respiration - oxidative phosphorylation
  2. during photosynthesis - photophosphorylation
  3. directly through phosphate group transfer in cells - substrate level phosphorylation, which occurs in the cytoplasm
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16
Q

why does a lot of ATP need to be synthesised?

A

ATP:

  • cannot be stored
  • is an immediate store of energy
  • only releases a small amount of energy in cells
  • contains just enough energy to power one other metabolic reaction in the cell
17
Q

what does it mean that ATP is a universal energy carrier?

A

it is the form of chemical energy which is found in all living cells

18
Q

what are some uses of energy released in hydrolysis of ATP?

A
  • used to phosphorylate another molecule
  • hydrolysis reaction provides energy for endergonic reactions (ie. they take in energy)

eg. polymerisation reaction

19
Q

how is energy stored during a condensation reaction?

A
  • energy in so catabolic
  • exergonic reaction, which means energy released is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate molecule