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biology AS - unit 2 > 2.3 - adaptions for transport (animals) > Flashcards

2.3 - adaptions for transport (animals) Flashcards

1
Q

what do transport systems need?

A
  • suitable medium
  • system of vessels
  • a pump
  • valves (keep it one way)
  • respiratory pigment
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2
Q

what are the differences of a open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system?

TROMP HRC

A

open blood system, closed blood system

open - blood is pumped at low pressure by a long tube along the body
closed - blood is pumped at high pressure by muscular hearts

open - blood is pumped out of the heart into the haemocoel (in body cavity)
closed - blood circulates in a system of blood vessels

open - blood bathes the tissues directly where exchange of materials occurs
closed - organs and tissues are bathed by tissue fluid not blood

open - little control of direct of circulation
closed - direction of flow is controlled

open - blood slowly returns to the heart
closed - blow flow is rapid

open - valves/waves of muscles move the blood forward
closed - blood moves by pumping of pseudohearts

open - no respiratory pigment, blood does not transport oxygen
closed - blood contains a respiratory pigment 9haemonglob) which carries oxygen

**Tissue
Respiratory pigment
Open/Closed
Movement/muscle
Pressure

Control
Rapid
Haemocoel**

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of blood pumping in an insects open-circulatory system?

A

blood gets pumped from the many dorsal shaped heart - blood empties into the operculum, makes direct contact with the organs

returns back to heart via the ostia

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4
Q

what is the circulatory system of an earthworm?

A

this is a closed circulatory system; blood contains respiratory pigment - haemoglobin to transport oxygen

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5
Q

what is the body cavity of an insect?

A

haemocoel

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6
Q

what is a single circulatory system?

A

blood passes through the heart once during one crcuit of the body

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7
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A

blood passes through the heart twice during one circuit

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8
Q

which is on top atrium or ventricle?

A

A - ABOVE
atrium

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9
Q

describe a mammals double circulatory system?

A
  • (diagrams) right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery,

then oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein

  • (diagrams) leftside of the heart then pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta,

deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the vena cava

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9
Q

what valve of the heart goes where?

A

pulmonary artery - takes deoxygeated blood to the lungs
(top left) MY LEFT NOT DIAGRAMS

pulmonary vein - brings oxygenated blood abck to the heart
(bottom right) MY RIGHT NOT DIAGRAMS

aorta - takes oxygenated blood to the body
aorta - a and r- above and right therefore is on top
(top right) MY RIGHT NOT DIAGRAMS

vena cava - brings deoxygented blood back to the heart
(bottom left) MY LEFT NOT DIAGRAMS

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10
Q

what are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  • separate circulation to the body and lungs
  • oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separate
  • high blood pressure to the body as far away
  • lower blood pressure to the lungs to prevent build up of tissue fluid
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10
Q

what does the human circulatory system use to distribute the blood?

A

a pump - sustain high BP

valves - keep blood flowing in the right direction
vessels

vessels - distributes blood

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11
Q

what are the three blood vessels?

A

artery - blood way from heart

vein - blood back to body

capillary - exchange of substances between blood and tissues

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12
Q

what is the structure of a vein?

A
  • lumen in the middle
  • endothelium is smooth to reduce friction and increase blood flow efficiency, it is between the lumen and tunica media
  • smaller tunica media than arteries
  • tunica externa (made of collagen to resistant over-stretching - elastic fibres)

the vein is less circular than the arteries

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13
Q

what is the tunica media?

A

a smooth, muscular with elastic fibres layer - this is thicker in arteries to accomodate for changes in BP

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14
Q

what is the structure of a capilary?

A

one cell tick endothelium

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15
Q

what is the structure of an artery?

A
  • lumen (where blood flows)
    -endothelium
    -thicker tunica media
    tunica externa
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16
Q

what characteristics do veins have?

A

larger diameters
thinner walls

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17
Q

how do capilaries make blood exchange easier?

A
  • very close to the cells
    -forms a network of capillaries
  • thin-walled
    -permeable to water to dissolve substances
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18
Q

where is the highest presure found in the cardiac cycle?

A

aorta and arteries have rhythmical rise and fall in pressure where the ventricles contract/relax

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19
Q

why does pressure in the cardiac cycle decrease near arterioles?

A
  • the friction with vessel walls and the smaller surface area
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20
Q

why does blood pressure further drop by the capilaries?

A
  • due to the extensive surface area, slows blood flow and gives time for the exchange of blood flow
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21
Q

why is pressure in the veins the lowest?

A

blood is returning to the heart, and it is non-rhythmical

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22
Q

what doe the coronary arteries do in the heart?

A
  • provides the heart MUSCLE with oxygen, glucos
  • waste products are also passed from the cardiac muscles into the arteries
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23
what does the septum do in the heart?
this is a wall of muscle that seperates the right and left sides of the heart
24
what are the valves in the heart?
tricuspid valve bicuspid valve semi-lunar valves coronary blood vessels
25
describe artial systole?
- once the right artium is filled with blood, the walls of the atria contract - this increases the pressure and opens the tricuspid valves - blood flows from right atrium to the right ventricle - backflow is prevented by the valve **closing**
26
describe ventricular systole?
- once the right ventricle is full of deoxygenated blood, the walls contract (after the atrium) - the tricuspid valve shuts due to higher pressure in the ventricles - the semi-lunar valve opens and blood flows into the pulmonary artery - this is a higher pressure than in the artium due to the thicker muscular walls
27
desribe ventricular diastole?
- the heart muscle relaxes and pressure in the ventricles drops - semi-lunar valves shut to prevent any backflow of blood from the arteries
28
describe diastole?
whole of the heart muscle relaxes during diastole, blow from the veins flows into the atria - cardiac cycle begins again
29
what are the ten steps to the pressure changes in the left side of the heart?
- atrial systole, walls of the atrium contract, increasing the pressure in the atrium, then blood is forced through the bicuspid valve into the ventricle - bicuspid valve closes as pressure in the ventricles increases (blood is inside) - ventricular systole, walls of ventricle contract pushing blood up - semi-lunar valve opens as high BP -the pressure increases in aorta as blood is forced in - semi lunar valves close as pressure in the ventricles decreased - pressure in aorta slightly increases due to elastic recoil, stays high to go around the body - pressure drops in ventricles as blood has gone - bi valve opens again as pressure in ventricle is lower than atrium - atrium begin filling back up from veins
30
what is myogenic? example?
the heart - beats on its own, doesnt need impulses from nerves
31
what does the sino-atrial node do?
sets up a awave of electrical activity which spreads over both atrial walls, causing the contraction of the atrial walls simultaneously BEFORE THE AVN
32
what does the atrio-ventricular node do? where does the impulse pass?
this detects the SAN, then after passes down an impulse down the Purkinje fibres/tissues, which are transferred down the septum of the heart then travels up and out through the ventricle walls and causes ventricular contraction from the base upwards
33
what does the graph look like for the left atrium on the hearts pressure graph?
- lowest, goes up when it fills with blood (more pressure but thin walls so not as much) - decreases as blood moves into ventricle then stays plateau - increases slightly again as the valve opens again to let the pressure fall back down again as blood goes to ventricles
33
what does the graph look like for the left ventricle?
the pressure increases like an 'n' shaoe after the bicuspid valve opens, and continues to increase after the semi-lunar valve increases - pressure decreases after the semi-luanr valves close as the blood is leaving the ventricle
34
what does the pressure in the aorta look liek on a graph?
increases when the semi-lunar valve opens then starts to decrease but then plateaued at a high pressure as the blood gets sent away to the arteries at the high pressure and slowly decreases
35
what does an electrocardiogram measure?
- the electrical activity taking place in the heart, electrical impulses that pass through the heart tissue
36
how do you count the number of heartbeats per minute?
- count the number of spikes (number of heartbeats in 4 seconds) - times it by 15 to get it to 60 seconds
37
what does the P waves demonstrate on an ECG?
- depolarisation of the atria during artial systole
38
what does the QRS wave demonstrate on a ECG?
- the spread of depolarisation through the ventricles resulting in ventricular systole after the spike
39
what does the T wave demonstrate on an ECG?
-the repolarisation of the ventricles, ventricular diastole
40
what diameter does a red blood cell have?
7 um
41
how are red blood cells adapted for maximising the amount of oxygen which can be carried by the cell?
- large SA:Volume ratio - shot diffusion path - shaped like a bi-concave disc - no nucleus, mitochondria, ER, allows for more room for haemoglobin molecules
42
how do red blood cells get their colour?
the respiratory pigment haemoglobin
43
how does oxygen get transported around the body with haemoglobin?
- oxygen combines with haemoglobin and forms oxyhaemoglobin
44
how many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin combine with?
4 oxygen molecules (8 oxyegn atoms)
45
what does partial pressure of oxygen mean?
- the amount of oxygen in the surroundings
46
describe the oxygen dissociation curve?
- shaped like an 's' - increasing sharply at lowe partial pressure of oxygen
47
what is a saturated haemoglobin?
- a heamoglobin that has combined with the maximum possible of oxygen (100%)
48
what is haemoglobins saturation levels in the lungs?
- nearly 100% as in an area of high parital pressure of oxygen
49
what are haemoglobins saturation levels in respiring tissues?
- around 20% as the partial pressure of oxygen is lower - been unloaded
50
why is the sharp increase in saturation of haemoglobin at lower levels of partial pressure of oxygen in the oxygen dissociation curve advantageous?
- a small drop in oxygen in areas of low partial pressure of oxygen ( repsiring tissues) leads to a large unloading of oxygen/haemoglobins saturation - vice versa
51
why is the plateau region of the oxygen dissociation curve advantageous?
- at high partial pressures of oxygen, a drop in partial pressure does not lead to a drop in haemoglobin saturation (in lungs for example oxygen does not get unloaded)
52
what is the bohr effect?
- where the presence of carbon dioxide causes haemoglobin to unload more oxygen to respiring tissues but makes it more difficult to pick it up - **because oxygen gets unloaded at a higher partial pressure of oxygen**
53
where does the bohr effect shift the oxygen dissociation curve?
- to the right bohRRR - right
54
what are the 9 steps to the chloride shift?
1 - co2 diffuses into the red blood cell 2 - the co2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (catalysed by enzyme carbonic anhydrase) 3 - carbonic acid dissociates into h+ ions and HCO3 - ions. 4 - the HCO3- ions build up and diffuse out of the cell 5 - due to this loss of - ions, chloride ion (Cl+) diffuse into the RBc to balance the charges 6 - the H+ ions reduce the ph and bind to the oxyhaemoglobin which lowers the oxyhaemoglobins affinity for oxygen (prefers to unload not load) 7 - oxygen gets unloaded form haemoglobin 9 - oxygen diffuses out of the RBC and is passed into respiring tissues
55
what does the cholride shift explain?
- the bohr effect
56
what is affinity for oxygen?
how readily the haemoglobin loads oxygen
57
how is carbon dioxide transported?
- 5% dissolved in the plasma - 85% as sodium hydrogen carbonate - 10% as carboamino-haemoglobin
58
what is myoglobin?
- oxygen reserve in respiring muscle tissue - has a higher saturation of oxygen than haemoglobin - VERY STEEP - very far left on oxygen dissociation curve
59
what is an ethrocyte?
red blood cell
60
what is feutal haemoglobin?
- has a greater affinity for oxygen as the structure of haemoglobin is altered
61
where is foeutal haemoglobin on the oxygen dissociation curve? whys it advantageous?
- slightly to the left of normal - allows for more oxygen to pass from the mothers blood to the foetus
62
why is the llamas/lugworms oxygen dissociation graph shifted left?
- it lives in a habitat with low oxygen levels and therefore its haemoglobin needs a higher affinity for oxygen for it to become fully saturated
63
how are capilaries adapted for exchange?
- thin, permeable walls - large surface area - blood flows slowly for more time for exchange
64
where is plasma?
in the blood
65
what is the plasma's function?
transports nutrients, hormones, excretory products and distributes heat.
66
what does the plasma contain?
plasma proteins, dissolved materials, blood cells
67
what is tissue fluid?
- fluid from the plasma escapes through capillary walls and bathes the cells supplying them with glucose, amino acids, salts, OXYGEN - removes waste products like urea
68
what occurs to the tissue fluid at the arteriole end?
- hydrostatic pressure (out) is greater than osmotic pressure (in) - net movement of tissue fluid is out to the tissues for it to bathe them
69
what occurs to the tissue fluid at the venous end?
- blood hydrostatic (out) pressure is lower than osmotic pressure (in) - water passes back into the capillaries by osmosis (gradient maintained by plasma proteins in the capillaries) - this diffuses waste products (urea and co2) back into the capilaries **V**ERY **H**OT **A**ND **O**VER-THE-TOP
70
what is the job of the plasma proteins in the capilaries?
to maintain the conc grad for water to diffuse back in at the venus end
71
where does the remainder of the tissue fluid go after not being reabsorped?
returns to blood via lymph vessels to the lymph system
72
how have people adapted to living at high altitudes with little oxygen?
they have more haemoglobin
73
why is the plateau on the oxygen dissociation curve beneficial to humans?
- saturation of haemoglobin stays high despite partial pressure of oxygen - affinity for oxygen stays high
74
what effect does increased temperature have on the oxygen dissociation curve?
moves it right - more oxygen is needed to fully saturate haemoglobin
75
why is a control test necessary?
to show the expected trend/result and find a conclusion
76
explain why double circulation in mammals is more efficient then single circulation in fish?
- pressure is lost when blood passes through the gill capillaries in fish - blood flow through systemic circulation in fish - double circulation has high pressure in system circualtion
77
what does reducing haemoglobins affinity for oxygen mean?
it unloads oxygen quicker, loads it slower
78
how is the high pressure maintained in mammals double cirucltory systems?
- the elastic recoil of the artery walls
79
why does pressure decrease in the capilaries? why is it advatageous?
- larger surface area/cross-sectional area for blood to flow through - tissue fluid forms - the lower rate is better for diffusion

biology AS - unit 2 (5 decks)

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