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Question 1

describe the nucleus and its function.

Answer 1

contains DNA, enclosed in a double membrane called a nuclear envelope, which has nuclear pores. the nucleus essentially controls cell activity, because of its DNA.

Question 2

describe the nucleolus and its function.

Answer 2

dense, dark staining region of nucleus. is responsible for ribosome production.

Question 3

cell surface membrane function?

Answer 3

controls movement in and out of the cell.

Question 4

description and function of mitochondria

Answer 4

double membrane, inner one folded into cristae, area inside filled with fluid is called the matrix. are the site of the final stages of cellular respiration.

Question 5

what are vesicles?

Answer 5

fluid filled sacs made of membrane. are used to transport materials

Question 6

what are lysosomes?

Answer 6

specialised forms of vesicles, specifically containing hydrolytic enzymes to break down waste in cells.

Question 7

what is the cytoskelaton? and the 3 types.

Answer 7

a network of fibres for shape and stability of the cell. has 3 components:
1. microfilaments-contractile fibres formed of actin, for cell movement and contraction
2. microtubules- scaffold-like structures that play a part in cell shape, act as tracks for movement of organelles. forms spindle fibres.
3. intermediate fibres- mechanical strength

Question 8

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum and its role?

Answer 8

ribosomes bound to the surface, is responsible for protein synthesis

Question 8

role of ribosomes?

Answer 8

can be free floating or attached to rough ER, are the site of protein synthesis.

Question 8

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its role?

Answer 8

responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage.

Question 8

what are centrioles?

Answer 8

a component of the cytoskelaton, composed of microtubules, 2 associated centrioles form the centrosome, which is involved in organisation of spindle fibres during cell division.

Question 8

flagella vs cilia?

Answer 8

flagella are whip-like and allow for cells motility.
cilia can be mobile or stationary, which have important functions in areas like the nose. moving cilia can cause a current to move liquid or cells, e.g. mucus/ waft ova.

Question 8

role of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 8

modifies and packages proteins into vesicles

Question 8

role of cytoplasm?

Answer 8

where chemical reactions take place

Question 9

role of cytoplasm?

Answer 9

where chemical reactions occur in the cell

Question 10

role of cell wall?

Answer 10

fully permeable, so substances can pass through, the cell wall provides shape, provides support

Question 11

permanent vacuole role?

Answer 11

contains cell sap, also keeps cell turgid, so contents of the cell push against cell wall. the membrane to this is called the tonoplast, is selectively permeable.

Question 12

structure and function of chloroplasts?

Answer 12

organelles responsible for photosynthesis, fluid enclosed called stroma, inner membrane forms thylakoids, stacks of thylakoids are called granum, which are joined by intergranal lamellae. contains chlorophyll.

Question 13

what are some of the differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

Answer 13

prokaryotes: circular DNA, no nucleus, DNA s folded and condensed, cell wall of peptidoglycan, smaller (70s) ribosomes, reproduce through binary fission.

they can botch reproduce and both contain cytoskelaton, both have DNA, both have a cell surface membrane