227 Exam 1 Flashcards
respiratory rate/ventilation rate for newborns:
40-60/min
ventilation rate for infant:
20-30/min
What is the HR for a preschooler/toddler?
80-120 bpm
What vital is not accurate in kids under school age and why?
BP - they compensate for so long and then crash
What is a child’s greatest fear?
leaving mom
If a 1 year old is removed from mom what usually happens?
They cry - demonstration of separation anxiety
What is not a change in age?
Stroke volume
In what age range do peer group interactions begin? These are important for development.
Toddlers
What is the most common cause of death in patients over 40?
Motor vehicle crashes
What injuries are more prone in elderly patients?
Head injuries
What are elderly patients more predisposed to?
TIAs
Dysrhythmia’s
Syncope
Pulmonary Edema
What 3 medications are prescribed for heart failure
Digitalis
HCTZ
Slow K
Define ageism
Refers to the how we think, feel and act towards others based on age
Ageism can effect how people see themselves and can lead to earlier death, poorer physical and mental health
Reduces quality of life
Trust vs Mistrust
-Stage 1 in Erickson’s development model is Basic Trust vs Mistrust
-Takes place during infancy (1-2 years old).
-If we learn that if we can trust people now, then we can also trust others in the future
-If we experience fear the we develop doubt and mistrust.
-The ability to build trust in this stage is crucial to the development of self-esteem and healthy relationships later in life
-This is attributed to the primary caregiver.
What are 4 reasons elderly people get altered?
Dementia - loss of intellectual functioning to a severity that interferes with their daily functioning. Has a gradual onset and it is not a normal consequence of aging.
Delirium - would be a sudden onset of confusion. This is occurring due to a medical condition that could potentially be reversed. (IWATCH acronym)
Stroke - increased risk with hypertension
Polypharmacy - the use of multiple drugs. Could be taking a number of different medications from different doctors or could have combined a prescribed medication with over the counter. Or grapefruit interaction on drugs.
Which of the following best represents a history taken regarding a patient with delirium?
“Mom is usually independent, I have never seen her this confused”
What does liver disease do in terms of medications with geriatrics?
Prolong the effects of drugs
What percentage of an infants bodyweight is its head?
25%
What type of immunity is an infant’s from maternal antibodies?
Passive immunity (arises from the mother’s antibodies that are passed through blood to the fetus or breastmilk. Lasts about 6 months)
What is Palmer grasp?
An infants instinctive grasping of an object that touches their palm
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Development of Moral reasoning occurs in 6 stages –> split into 3 phases
Preconventional (4-10 years)
Stage 1 - Follow the rules to avoid punishment
Stage 2 - Follow the rules out of self interest
Conventional (10-13 years)
Stage 3 - Seek the approval of others. Judge behavior on intention
Stage 4- Concerned w/ authority and maintaining social order
Postconventional (13 and older)
If a child is going to develop a true moral code this is when it will happen
Stage 5- Makes moral decisions legally and contractually
Stage 6 - Actions are not based solely on their own inner standards of right and wrong
What is believed to be the future max life span?
120 years
What do frequent falls in the elderly lead to?
Head injuries
What are causes of falls in the elderly?
Poor vision
Arthritis
Dementia
Balance problems
Lower body weakness
What causes decreased urine output in the elderly?
fewer functioning nephrons
Senile dementia
Was a term that had been misused to describe symptoms of dementia likely caused by Alzheimer’s.
Memory loss, disorientation and confusion are not normal signs of aging –> symptoms of neurological disorders
was called “type” because it can’t be confirmed until anautopsy
Comorbidity
A simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient.
Comorbidities are used to explain how the conditions may affect your health both together and separately.
More likely in geriatric population
___ are for the compression of the infants head during childbirth
fontanels
____ are well developed in toddlers and school age
Kidneys
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian - strict
Permissive - minimal expectations
Uninvolved - few to no expectations
Authoritative - reasonable, nurturing, high/clear expectations (most beneficial)
Authoritarian parenting style
The parent sets high expectations with limited flexibility. See is as this is my house, my rules. Focus more on obedience and punishments. These children are at a higher risk for developing self-esteem problems and feel that their opinion isn’t valued.
When is depression highest?
adolescence and late adulthood
What is a concern of middle age?
Cardiac health
Kyphosis
Curvature of the spine
Most geriatrics will show some form of kyphosis. More common in women
Muscles shrink, muscles and ligaments calcify, intervertebral disks become thin
Results in a decrease of muscle mass, decrease in height, mobility and balance are impaired
Increase risk of falls. Can cause difficulty breathing
What age is the greatest period of stress on family
Adolesence
Scaffolding
Technique to build independence in children. Includes 3 pillars
Support
Structure
Encouragement
Helps kids learn how to be independent and cope with problems. Allows kids to try new things and grow from mistakes
What is the leading cause of injury and death in children?
Trauma
What is the difference between a living will and a DNR
Living will - specific directions as to what treatments and care should be taken to prolong life
DNR - do not resuscitate, what should and should not be done in the event of a cardiac arrest
What is the difference between a living will and a DNR
Living will - specific directions as to what treatments and care should be taken around end of life care and planning (goes into effect when incapacitated and unable to communicate your wishes)
DNR - do not resuscitate, what should and should not be done in the event of a cardiac arrest (only goes into effect when they stop breathing or heart stops breathing)
Puberty
The period of life when the ability to reproduce begins
Preconventional reasoning
Phase 1 of kohl-bergs model
Moral decisions based on fear of punishment and getting in trouble (stage 1) and making decisions based on your own self interests ( stage 2)
Terminal Drop
A person’s health and cognition rapidly decline within 1-5 years of their death
Presbycusis
Difficulty hearing with age
Congenital
Present at birth (a particular trait)
Polypharmacy
Taking more than one medication. Could be coming from multiple doctors or over the counter medications, supplements, etc. These will all interact in different ways and could have adverse effects
Presbyopia
Difficulty seeing with age (at close proximities)
Fontanelles
unclosed joint between bones of the skull.
allow for the rapid growth of the brain
2 - posterior and anterior
posterior closes around 3 months
anterior closes around 18 months
anterior: good indicator of hydration (dehydration it will appear sunken)
Sibling rivalry
The natural jealousy of children towards a brother/sister
Menarche
1st menstrual period in an female adolescent Usually between the ages of 10 and 16. Signifies the beginning of puberty
Cerumen
Ear wax
sensory aphasia
damage to the brain in Wernicke’s area that causes an inability to understand spoken or written speech
Age range of neonate
0-30days
Dysarthria
Brain damage causes difficulty speaking - specifically the inability to control the muscles needed to talk
Alopecia
Hair loss in large amounts
Assault
Could be a physical or verbal action to invoke fear
Mucociscidosis
Also known as cystic fibrosis - inherited gene and caused by an abnormal gene
Thick mucus builds up and clogs the lungs, digestive tract and other parts of the body
Patau syndrome
additional chromosome 13
Labrynthis
inner ear infection
Duchene
the most common form of muscular dystrophy
Atheotosis
Snake like movement of the limbs and torso
Cloudy eyes
Will not hinder your ability to communicate with elderly
Babinski response
Stroke the sole of the foot –> toes spread outward and upward
Normal finding in infants and young children
In older adult or child may indicate brain/spinal cord damage
Why don’t abused people report it?
Fear of not being believed
Who abuses elderly the most?
Adult children
What is the first sign of respiratory distress in an infant?
They will not eat
Age when brain is fully developed?
25
Leading cause of infection in geriatrics?
Pneumonia
