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227 Special Considerations > 227 Exam 1 > Flashcards

227 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory rate/ventilation rate for newborns:

A

40-60/min

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2
Q

ventilation rate for infant:

A

20-30/min

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3
Q

What is the HR for a preschooler/toddler?

A

80-120 bpm

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4
Q

What vital is not accurate in kids under school age and why?

A

BP - they compensate for so long and then crash

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5
Q

What is a child’s greatest fear?

A

leaving mom

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6
Q

If a 1 year old is removed from mom what usually happens?

A

They cry - demonstration of separation anxiety

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7
Q

What is not a change in age?

A

Stroke volume

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8
Q

In what age range do peer group interactions begin? These are important for development.

A

Toddlers

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of death in patients over 40?

A

Motor vehicle crashes

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10
Q

What injuries are more prone in elderly patients?

A

Head injuries

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11
Q

What are elderly patients more predisposed to?

A

TIAs
Dysrhythmia’s
Syncope
Pulmonary Edema

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12
Q

What 3 medications are prescribed for heart failure

A

Digitalis
HCTZ
Slow K

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13
Q

Define ageism

A

Refers to the how we think, feel and act towards others based on age

Ageism can effect how people see themselves and can lead to earlier death, poorer physical and mental health
Reduces quality of life

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14
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

-Stage 1 in Erickson’s development model is Basic Trust vs Mistrust
-Takes place during infancy (1-2 years old).
-If we learn that if we can trust people now, then we can also trust others in the future
-If we experience fear the we develop doubt and mistrust.
-The ability to build trust in this stage is crucial to the development of self-esteem and healthy relationships later in life
-This is attributed to the primary caregiver.

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15
Q

What are 4 reasons elderly people get altered?

A

Dementia - loss of intellectual functioning to a severity that interferes with their daily functioning. Has a gradual onset and it is not a normal consequence of aging.

Delirium - would be a sudden onset of confusion. This is occurring due to a medical condition that could potentially be reversed. (IWATCH acronym)

Stroke - increased risk with hypertension

Polypharmacy - the use of multiple drugs. Could be taking a number of different medications from different doctors or could have combined a prescribed medication with over the counter. Or grapefruit interaction on drugs.

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16
Q

Which of the following best represents a history taken regarding a patient with delirium?

A

“Mom is usually independent, I have never seen her this confused”

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17
Q

What does liver disease do in terms of medications with geriatrics?

A

Prolong the effects of drugs

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18
Q

What percentage of an infants bodyweight is its head?

A

25%

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19
Q

What type of immunity is an infant’s from maternal antibodies?

A

Passive immunity (arises from the mother’s antibodies that are passed through blood to the fetus or breastmilk. Lasts about 6 months)

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20
Q

What is Palmer grasp?

A

An infants instinctive grasping of an object that touches their palm

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21
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

A

Development of Moral reasoning occurs in 6 stages –> split into 3 phases

Preconventional (4-10 years)
Stage 1 - Follow the rules to avoid punishment
Stage 2 - Follow the rules out of self interest

Conventional (10-13 years)
Stage 3 - Seek the approval of others. Judge behavior on intention

Stage 4- Concerned w/ authority and maintaining social order

Postconventional (13 and older)
If a child is going to develop a true moral code this is when it will happen

Stage 5- Makes moral decisions legally and contractually

Stage 6 - Actions are not based solely on their own inner standards of right and wrong

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22
Q

What is believed to be the future max life span?

A

120 years

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23
Q

What do frequent falls in the elderly lead to?

A

Head injuries

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24
Q

What are causes of falls in the elderly?

A

Poor vision
Arthritis
Dementia
Balance problems
Lower body weakness

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25
Q

What causes decreased urine output in the elderly?

A

fewer functioning nephrons

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26
Q

Senile dementia

A

Was a term that had been misused to describe symptoms of dementia likely caused by Alzheimer’s.

Memory loss, disorientation and confusion are not normal signs of aging –> symptoms of neurological disorders

was called “type” because it can’t be confirmed until anautopsy

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27
Q

Comorbidity

A

A simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient.

Comorbidities are used to explain how the conditions may affect your health both together and separately.

More likely in geriatric population

28
Q

___ are for the compression of the infants head during childbirth

A

fontanels

29
Q

____ are well developed in toddlers and school age

A

Kidneys

30
Q

Parenting Styles

A

Authoritarian - strict
Permissive - minimal expectations
Uninvolved - few to no expectations
Authoritative - reasonable, nurturing, high/clear expectations (most beneficial)

31
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

The parent sets high expectations with limited flexibility. See is as this is my house, my rules. Focus more on obedience and punishments. These children are at a higher risk for developing self-esteem problems and feel that their opinion isn’t valued.

32
Q

When is depression highest?

A

adolescence and late adulthood

33
Q

What is a concern of middle age?

A

Cardiac health

34
Q

Kyphosis

A

Curvature of the spine

Most geriatrics will show some form of kyphosis. More common in women

Muscles shrink, muscles and ligaments calcify, intervertebral disks become thin

Results in a decrease of muscle mass, decrease in height, mobility and balance are impaired

Increase risk of falls. Can cause difficulty breathing

35
Q

What age is the greatest period of stress on family

A

Adolesence

36
Q

Scaffolding

A

Technique to build independence in children. Includes 3 pillars

Support
Structure
Encouragement

Helps kids learn how to be independent and cope with problems. Allows kids to try new things and grow from mistakes

37
Q

What is the leading cause of injury and death in children?

A

Trauma

38
Q

What is the difference between a living will and a DNR

A

Living will - specific directions as to what treatments and care should be taken to prolong life

DNR - do not resuscitate, what should and should not be done in the event of a cardiac arrest

39
Q

What is the difference between a living will and a DNR

A

Living will - specific directions as to what treatments and care should be taken around end of life care and planning (goes into effect when incapacitated and unable to communicate your wishes)

DNR - do not resuscitate, what should and should not be done in the event of a cardiac arrest (only goes into effect when they stop breathing or heart stops breathing)

40
Q

Puberty

A

The period of life when the ability to reproduce begins

41
Q

Preconventional reasoning

A

Phase 1 of kohl-bergs model

Moral decisions based on fear of punishment and getting in trouble (stage 1) and making decisions based on your own self interests ( stage 2)

42
Q

Terminal Drop

A

A person’s health and cognition rapidly decline within 1-5 years of their death

43
Q

Presbycusis

A

Difficulty hearing with age

44
Q

Congenital

A

Present at birth (a particular trait)

45
Q

Polypharmacy

A

Taking more than one medication. Could be coming from multiple doctors or over the counter medications, supplements, etc. These will all interact in different ways and could have adverse effects

46
Q

Presbyopia

A

Difficulty seeing with age (at close proximities)

47
Q

Fontanelles

A

unclosed joint between bones of the skull.
allow for the rapid growth of the brain
2 - posterior and anterior
posterior closes around 3 months
anterior closes around 18 months
anterior: good indicator of hydration (dehydration it will appear sunken)

48
Q

Sibling rivalry

A

The natural jealousy of children towards a brother/sister

49
Q

Menarche

A

1st menstrual period in an female adolescent Usually between the ages of 10 and 16. Signifies the beginning of puberty

50
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax

51
Q

sensory aphasia

A

damage to the brain in Wernicke’s area that causes an inability to understand spoken or written speech

52
Q

Age range of neonate

A

0-30days

53
Q

Dysarthria

A

Brain damage causes difficulty speaking - specifically the inability to control the muscles needed to talk

54
Q

Alopecia

A

Hair loss in large amounts

55
Q

Assault

A

Could be a physical or verbal action to invoke fear

56
Q

Mucociscidosis

A

Also known as cystic fibrosis - inherited gene and caused by an abnormal gene
Thick mucus builds up and clogs the lungs, digestive tract and other parts of the body

57
Q

Patau syndrome

A

additional chromosome 13

58
Q

Labrynthis

A

inner ear infection

59
Q

Duchene

A

the most common form of muscular dystrophy

60
Q

Atheotosis

A

Snake like movement of the limbs and torso

61
Q

Cloudy eyes

A

Will not hinder your ability to communicate with elderly

62
Q

Babinski response

A

Stroke the sole of the foot –> toes spread outward and upward

Normal finding in infants and young children
In older adult or child may indicate brain/spinal cord damage

63
Q

Why don’t abused people report it?

A

Fear of not being believed

64
Q

Who abuses elderly the most?

A

Adult children

65
Q

What is the first sign of respiratory distress in an infant?

A

They will not eat

66
Q

Age when brain is fully developed?

A

25

67
Q

Leading cause of infection in geriatrics?

A

Pneumonia

227 Special Considerations (2 decks)

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