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SOC 225 - Criminology > 225-T5A - Historical and Biological Theories of Criminology > Flashcards

225-T5A - Historical and Biological Theories of Criminology Flashcards

1
Q

What was the main source of theories of crim in Pre-18th Century times?

A

religion & supersition, on the authority of the Church and kings

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2
Q

according to neo-christian teaching, what are the two explanations behing sinful behaviour?

A

temptation and possession

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3
Q

temptation

A

the devil tempts, and those who are weak (cannot resist) and are morally inferior

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4
Q

possession

A

wrongdoers are possessed by evil spirits, and must be rid of via sever or fatal methods

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5
Q

how is crime used as a social tool in the judeo christian teachings? (3)

A
  • silencing rebellions
  • diverts failings of elites onto “devil possessions” - no accountability?
  • there are indispensable people who can stop the devil
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6
Q

how did pre-18th century punish crimes/sins?

A
  • finding “heretics”
  • witch hunts
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7
Q

what phenomenons happend in the victimization of women during the pre-18th century

A
  • mental illnesses became “witchcraft” or “possession by the devil”
  • single mothers were ostracized
  • women who were sexually assaulted
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8
Q

another name for pre-enlightenment period

A

pre-18th century

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9
Q

explain these Enlightenment philosophies’ relevant to crime/freedom:
1. the free and rational human
2. the social contract
3. reform movement

A
  1. people are free and rational, we should have more rights and freedoms
  2. social contract: give up freedoms for safer society
  3. reforming governance and criminal justice
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10
Q

what was the result of the enlightenment’s rigorous scientific, political, and philosophical discouse on crime?

A

more scientific approaches to udnerstanding crimes and criminal behaviour

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11
Q

T/F: the classical school of criminology is directly related to the social contract

if TRUE, explain why

A

TRUE: based on fairness

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12
Q

father of classical school theory of crime

A

Marchese Beccaria

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13
Q

what were the three rules social contract with the state

A
  1. give up freedom for a safer society
  2. state provides security but could not ciolate rights of citizens
  3. citizens would obey the rules of face punishment
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14
Q

what was the logic behind the reform of classical theorists? what assumptions about people are key in making an effective social contract?

A
  1. people broke the law to advance own interests
  2. people are rational beings who calculate consequences of their actions

therefore, a social contract would allow people to protect their own interests without violating others, and penalties will deter people from breaking the law

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15
Q

which criminology theory was the first to explain crime through deterrence?

A

classical school

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16
Q

controversies behind deterrence/classical school of thought

A
  • thinking of people as “free and rational human beings”
  • penalties may not deter crime for chronic and serious offenders with cognitive deficits
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17
Q

T/F The stronger the punishment, the stronger the deterrence effect

A

FALSE.
- severity of punishment is not the deterrent, but the swiftness and certainty of punishment

18
Q

what makes an effective punishment/deterrect?

A
  1. effective and fair to the act itself
  2. sever enough to cost individuals more than what they could gain from crime
  3. swift and certain
19
Q

specific reforms of the classical theory of crime (4)

A
  • no harsh punishments (execution) for minor offences
  • dealt in public according to law
  • laws should be accessible and understandable to all
  • lawmakers =/= judges
20
Q

How do we see the reforms of the classical period in the CJS?

A
  • Equality before the law
  • Guarantee of one’s rights
  • Establishment of fixed penalties
  • Due process safeguards
  • Separation of judicial and legislative systems
21
Q

limitations of the classical school

A
  • equal punishments for teh same crime did not allow for flexibility/consideration of individual offenders’ situations
  • judges had no discretion
22
Q

neoclassical theory is more flexible than classical theory. what three things are taken into account in sentencing a particular individual?

A
  1. offender characteristics
  2. mitigating circumstances
  3. motive
23
Q

what is the controversy behind mandatory minimum sentences in US and Canada?

A
  • judges cannot tailor sentence to the circumstances of the offender
24
Q

statistical school

A
  • use stats to explore social issues
  • more structural
25
Q

what were the methodological and philosophical assumptions of the statistical school of thought?

A
  • positivism
  • social conditions as an explanation of people’s behaviour
26
Q

who was the founder of the positive school?

A

lombroso, ferri, garofalo

27
Q

according to lombroso, what were the physical differences between criminals and non-criminals?

A

stigmata, depending of the type of offence
the more “animal-like”, the more primitive and criminal

28
Q

T/F. Men have more stigmata than women

A

TRUE

29
Q

categories of criminals accroding to Lombroso

A
  • epileptics
  • criminally insane
  • criminals of passion
  • “criminaloids”
30
Q

limitations of the positivist school

A
  • poorly chosen control groups
  • crude stats techniques
  • sloppy measurements
  • assumption that those in prisons included all criminals and only criminals
31
Q

how did lombardo find the stigmata?

A

via observations of prisoners

32
Q

contributions of the positive school (to 19th-century to modern CJS)

A
  • punishment should fit the crime (depends on the type of criminal)
  • born criminals should be incarcerated

CJS
- probation
- indeterminate sentences
- mitigating circumstances

33
Q

Charles Goring’s contributinos to biological theories of crime in 1903

A

criminality is not determined by physical characteristics but the (lack of) intelligence)

34
Q

Ernest Hooton’s contributinos to biological theories of crime in 1930s

A
  • both physical and mental characteristics are inherent to criminality
  • “physically, mentally, and morally unfit individuals should be segregated” (on the basis of race)
  • eugenics
35
Q

Eugenics

A

An ideology based on a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. Historically, eugenicists attempted to alter human gene pools by excluding races of people and groups judged to be inferior and promoting only those judged to be superior.

36
Q

Who found somatotypes?

A

william sheldon in 1950s

37
Q

criminaloids

A

a person who projects a respectable, upright façade in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality.

38
Q

what were some examples of somatotypes?

A

endomorphs (curvy)
mesomorphs (muscular)
ectomorphs (skinny)

39
Q

according to sheldon’s somatotypes, which body types were more likely to be involved in delinquent or criminal behaviour

A

mesomorphs (muscular people)

40
Q

who argued that because prisoners with low IQ or mental ages of 12, people who are disabled and mentally ill should be segregated from the rest of society?

A

henry goddard

41
Q

criticisms of eugenics

A
  • cultural bias of IQ tests
  • weak evidence supporting theories
42
Q

recent research methods to find link between individual characteristics and criminality

A
  • chromosomes
  • unusual EEG
  • other pathologies

SOC 225 - Criminology (13 decks)

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