221 Flashcards
What is the difference between an HSI and an HI?
HSI has a Magnetic Flux Gate( its magnetic north seeking) HI isn’t magnetic north seeking
What powers the standby attitude indicator?
Vacuum/Electric
Which instrument(s) use precession to operate?
- Turn Indicators
- Turn and Slip Indicator
- Turn Coordinator
What instrument(s) use rigidity in space to operate?
- Attitude Indicator
- Heading Indicator
What is Gyroscopic Precession?
when a force is applied perpendicular to a spinning rotor the rotor will resist the force where it is applied and the force will manifest 90 degrees later in the direction the rotor is spinning.
What is Gyroscopic Rigidity?
the gyro has a tendency to resist forces applied to it, it is stable on the axis it spins.
What happens when ADC fails?
Red Xs on the airspeed, altimeter, and VSI
What happens when AHARS fails?
Red Xs on the attitude indicator and HIS
What circuit breaker controls our engine instruments?
NAV1
ENG
How are instruments affected with a pitot Blockage?
Airspeed Indicator will slowly lose airspeed
How will the instruments act with a static blockage?
Altimeter will stay the same
VVI will go to zero
How can you fix a Pitot-Static Block?
Turn pitot heat on
Pull alternate static port
Break VVI at last resort
What are the 3 fundamentals of instrument flight?
- Scan
- Interpretation
- Control
Instrument Scan Errors
- Fixation
- Omission
- Emphasis
Instrument Cockpit Check 9 items
- Communication and navigation equipment: frequencies set, checked, and identified
- Magnetic compass: no bubbles, known heading
- Clock: set and turning
- Airspeed indicator: pegged at zero
- Attitude indicator: upright in five minutes, no more than 5 degrees deflection during turns
- Altimeter: pressure set and reading within 75 feet
- Vertical speed indicator: note current indication
- Heading indicator: proper change during turn, set to runway heading
- Turn coordinator - no flag, ball to the outside / plane to the inside during turn
Instrument flight fundamentals:
_______ + ________ = _______
Attitude + Power = Performance
Common Cross-Check Errors
Fixation
Omission
Emphasis
Primary Supporting Method
Advantages
- FAA Encourages its use
- Applies to any airplane: a transferable SKILL
- Develops good partial panel skills
- Develops better cross-check technique
- Doesn’t heavily rely on one instrument
Primary Supporting Method
Disadvantages
- Often confusing at first/difficult to remember what instruments are primary/supporting
Control Performance Method
What are your two control instruments?
- attitude indicator
- some indicator of power (RPM, MP)
Control Performance Method
Advantages
- Easy to remember
- Used by the USAF and high performance aircraft
- Easier to master
- Teaches pilots to be more in tune with aircraft performance and aircraft capabilities
- Newer cockpits are designed with this method in mind (EFIS)
Control Performance Method
Disadvantages
- Numbers have to be relearned for every aircraft
- Teaches pilots to have an over-reliance or over-dependence on the Attitude Indicator
- Partial Panel = Real Emergency
What is WAAS?
Wide Area Augmentation System
Correction Signal for the US
What is RAIM?
Receiver Autonomous Integrated Monitoring
A way to determine validity of position
If we lose WAAS how does that limit us?
- Cant fly some GPS Approaches
- Less accurate
- Must check RAIM
What are the different VOR checks?
- Ground
- Airborne
- Dual
How often are VOR checks required?
every 30 days
What are the errors associated with the VOR?
- Line of sight
- Distance
- Reverse Sensing
How do we identify an NDB?
Listen to morse code
How do we know if we lose NDB?
- No morse code
- rest position
How do we identify a VOR?
- Morse code
- G1000 does it for use
What does ILS mean?
Instrument Landing Systems
What does an ILS do?
It provides both course and altitude guidance to a specific runway
The ILS consists of what 4 components?
- A localizer providing horizontal (left/right) guidance along the extended centerline of the runway.
- A glide-slope (GS) providing vertical (up/down) guidance toward the runway touchdown point, usually at a 3 degree slope.
- Marker beacons providing range information along the approach path.
- Approach lights assisting in the transition from instrument to visual flight.
ILS service volumes
- 18NM from antenna site
- 4,500ft above antenna site
ILS errors
- Reflection
- False Courses
What is ILS reflection?
Surface vehicles and even other aircraft flying below 5,000ft AGL may disturb the signal for aircraft on the approach.
What is ILS false courses?
In addition to the desired course, GS facilities inherently produce additional courses at higher vertical angles. This can be avoided by flying the appropriate altitudes on the approach charts.
What does DME mean?
Distance Measuring Equipment
What does DME do?
It allows the pilot to know the aircrafts bearing and distance TO and FROM the DME station.
DME errors
DME shows the slant range to the DME station and takes into account horizontal distance from the GPS and add the DME slant range and show a greater distance then there is.
What would you use if you didn’t have a DME?
- GPS
- Dual VOR
How far away can you use a DME?
199NM is possible
How many satellites do we need for RAIM?
5 satellites for RAIM
6 satellites for RAIM with a backup
What are the components of the GPS system?
hkjhk
