2.2- Molecular bonding

Question 1

When condensation reaction mean?

Answer 1

Reaction that occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water.

Question 2

What does hydrogen bond mean?

Answer 2

A weak interaction that can occur wherever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom.

Question 3

What does hydrolysis reaction mean?

Answer 3

Reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water.

Question 4

What does monomer mean?

Answer 4

A small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form a polymer

Question 5

What does polymer mean?

Answer 5

A large molecule made from many smaller molecules called monomer.

Question 6

What do atoms consist of?

-COVALENT BOND

Answer 6

Atoms consist of a nucleus (of proton and neutrons)surrounded by shells of electrons. Most atoms tend to be stable when their outer shell contains eight electrons. Atoms of different elements have different number of electrons in their outer shells. For example carbon has four electrons.

Question 7

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 7

Sharing a pair of electrons between atom to gain a full outer shell and it becomes strongly bonded with the other atom.

Question 8

How is a covalent bond drawn?

Answer 8

Drawn by a single line

Question 9

Give an example of a covalent bond:

Answer 9

Because carbons outer shell is filled by four electrons, carbon forms four covalent bonds.

Hydrogen forms a single covalent bond

Oxygen two covalent bonds

Nitrogen three covalent bonds

Question 10

What happens when condensation happen?

-condensation, hydrolysis and polymerisation

Answer 10

When condensation happens on your windows on a cold day, water vapour in the air has changed state and settled on the window as a liquid. The water vapour has been removed from the air.

Question 11

WHat is a condensation and hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 11

A condensation reaction occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water.

A hydrolysis reaction is when two molecules are split apart with the addition of water.

Almost all condensation reactions happen in the sae way, when two- OH groups react together. The reaction involves the breaking formation of bonds

Question 12

What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions responsible for?

-MONOMERS AND POLYMERS

Answer 12

Condensation and hydrolysis reactions are involved for linking and splitting apart biological molecules in living things.

The units which are joined together are called monomers.

When two monomers join together they form dimers.

When lots of monomers join together they form polymers.

Question 13

What do carbohydrates, lipids and protein contain?

Answer 13

All of these molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Proteins also contain nitrogen and sulphur and nucleic acids also contain nitrogen and phosphorus.

Lipids do not form polymers but they still contain ,C,H and O atoms

Question 14

What type of molecule does carbohydrates have?

Answer 14

C,H and O

Question 15

What type of monomer is carbohydrate?

Answer 15

Monosaccharides (glucose)

Question 16

What type of polymer is carbohydrate?

Answer 16

Polysaccharides (starch)

Question 17

What type of molecules does protein have?

Answer 17

C, H,O,N and S

Question 18

What type of monomer is protein?

Answer 18

Amino acids

Question 19

What type of polymer is protein?

Answer 19

Polypeptides and proteins

Question 20

What type of molecules does nucleic acid have?

Answer 20

C,H,O,N and P

Question 21

What type of monomer is nucleic acid?

Answer 21

Nucleotides

Question 22

What type of polymer is nucleic acid?

Answer 22

DNA and RNA

Question 23

What does water consist of?

-HYDROGEN BONDS

Answer 23

Water consists of two hydrogen atoms, each covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. However, because the oxygen atom has a greater number of positive protons in its nucleus, it exerts a stronger attraction for the shared electrons. This means the oxygen atom becomes slightly negative and the hydrogen atom becomes slightly positive . When this happens the water molecule becomes polar.

Question 24

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 24

A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction which happen s whenever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positive charge hydrogen atom
.The bond is a weaker than a covalent bond. However in some polymers thousands and thousands of hydrogen bonds form between chains of monomers. Having many bonds like this helps stabilise the structure of some biological molecules.