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Biology > 2.2 Macromolecules > Flashcards

2.2 Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What element do organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What are the four major groups of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

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3
Q

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

A

Main source of (short-term) energy

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4
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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5
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

sugar/monosaccharide

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6
Q

Glucose, fructose, and ribose are examples of ____saccharides

A

monosaccharides

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7
Q

How many sugar units are monosaccharides made out of?

A

One

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8
Q

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of ____saccharides

A

disaccharides

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9
Q

How many sugar units are disaccharides made out of?

A

Two

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10
Q

Glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of ___saccharides

A

polysaccharides

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11
Q

How many sugar units are polysaccharides made out of?

A

more than two

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12
Q

What is glycogen?

A

The polysaccharide of glucose

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13
Q

What is glycogen stored?

A

Plants and the muscles and livers of animals

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14
Q

What is a common name for cellulose?

A

Fiber

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15
Q

What does cellulose do?

A

Helps with bowel movements

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16
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Cell walls of plants

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17
Q

Is cellulose digested?

A

No

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18
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

exoskeletons of arthropods

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19
Q

What are simple carbohydrates? Are they good or bad?

A

Quickly digested mono- or di-saccharides. Bad.

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20
Q

What are complex carbohydrates? Are they good or bad?

A

Starches & polysaccharides. Good.

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21
Q

What is the monomer of a lipid?

A

fatty acids

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22
Q

What are the functions of a lipid?

A
  1. Build membranes and protective layers
  2. Store energy
  3. Communicate (hormones)
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23
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A

Fats, waxes, steriods, and phospholipids

24
Q

What are fats used for?

A

Storing energy and insulation

25
Q

What are waxes used for?

A

Waterproofing

26
Q

What are steroids?

A

Chemical messengers

27
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

Make up cell membranes

28
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Fats that do not have all possible hydrogen atoms/double carbon bonds

29
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Fats that have all possible hydrogen atoms/no double carbon bonds

30
Q

What are trans fats?

A

A type of unsaturated fat that is extremely unhealthy.

31
Q

Rank the fats from healthiest to least.

A

Unsaturated, saturated, trans.

32
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

Store and tranfer genetic information

33
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

34
Q

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

35
Q

What are the types of nucleotides?

A

A, C, G, T, and U

36
Q

DNA and RNA work together to make what other organic compound?

A

Protein

37
Q

Which type of fat is typically liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated

38
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

39
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  1. Control the rate of reactions (act as reactions/enzymes)
  2. Regulate cell processes
  3. Used to form bones and muscles
  4. Transport substances (oxygen) into/out of cells
  5. Help fight disease
40
Q

Explain how condensation dehydration synthesis reaction occurs.

A

Two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecules seperate from a monomer via an enzyme and create water, bonding two monomers together

41
Q

What molecule is created during dehydration synthesis?

A

Water

42
Q

What molecule is neeeded to help join monomers during dehydration synthesis?

A

Polymerase enzyme

43
Q

Explain how hydrolysis works.

A

A water molecule is added to a substance, causing it to react and break down

44
Q

What molecule is needed during hydrolysis?

A

Water

45
Q

What molecule is needed to seperate polymers?

A

Hydrolase enzyme

46
Q

What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

47
Q

When glucose goes through dehydration synthesis, it turns into…

A

maltose

48
Q

What are triglycerides (lipids) composed of?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

49
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer.

A

hydrophilic heads enclosing the hydrophobic region (sandwhich style)

50
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

51
Q

How many amino acids are used to build proteins?

A

20

52
Q

What makes all 20 amino acids different from each other?

A

Their R group

53
Q

What is the name of the bond formed between two amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

54
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

When many amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds

55
Q

How is the primary structure of a protein determined?

A

The name and order of each amino acid

56
Q

Why is the primary structure of a protein fundamental to protein function?

A

THE ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS DETERMINES THE SHAPE AND HOW THE PROTEIN FOLDS, AND THE SHAPE OF THE PROTEIN DETERMINES ITS FUNCTION

Biology (4 decks)

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