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Cell Bio Exam 3 > 22 - Exocrine glands > Flashcards

22 - Exocrine glands Flashcards

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1
Q

What are both endocrine and exocrine glands derived from?

A

Epithelium

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2
Q

What are some examples of things that have glands derived from epithelium?

A

Liver, pancreas, sebaceous glands, GI system Note that sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals

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3
Q

Where does gland development begin?

A

In the epithelial layer - it then grows downward into the connective tissue and as growth continues, glands form that communicate with the surface

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4
Q

How does the lumen form?

A

The lumen of newly formed glands form via apoptosis - note that exocrine glands have ducts that connect to the surface

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5
Q

What are the two types of exocrine cells?

A

Secretory and endocrine

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6
Q

Secretory cells

A

Secrete product via exocytosis into the duct

  • Ducts can be comprised of different cell types (ductal cells) that can modify the secretory product
  • The stomach is an example of exocrine glands that are all secretory type
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7
Q

Endocrine cells

A

These cells begin development similarly to exocrine cells, but they lose connection with the epithelium

  • Capillaries surround newly developed endocrine cells
  • Hormones from cells are rapidly secreted through vasculature
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8
Q

What type of tumors can develop from glands?

A

Adenomas and adenocarcinomas

  • Adenomas are benign and show up on a light micrograph as being light in color
  • Adenocarcinomas are malignant and show up on a light micrograph with a lumen and darkly stained smaller cells
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9
Q

What are the three ways we classify exocrine glands?

A
  1. Type of secretion
  2. Mode of secretion
  3. Cell numbers
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10
Q

Type of secretions

A

There are several types:

  • Serous
  • Mucous
  • Mixed
  • Sebaceous
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11
Q

Mode of secretion

A

There are three modes:

  1. Merocrine (MOST common)
  2. Apocrine (not common)
  3. Holocrine (not common)
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12
Q

Cell numbers

A

Two categories of cell numbers

  1. Unicellular (most simple)
  2. Multicellular (more complex)
  • Note that goblet cells are a good example of unicellular
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13
Q

Mucous plug

A

A mucous plug forms when mucous is being overproduced and forms a plug in the bronchus - this blocks the respiratory passageway

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14
Q

Serous secretions

A

Serous cells produce serous secretions

  • Watery secretion enriched with enzymes
  • Parotid and exocrine pancreas are examples
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15
Q

Acinus

A

The berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where the secretion is produced

  • Acinus means berry in Latin
  • The acinus is formed via acinar cells
  • The middle of the acinus has lumen that stores secretory product from acinar cells
  • The duct system will convey the secretory product
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16
Q

Which glands produce a mixture of serous and mucous secretions?

A

Submandibular and sublingual glands are examples

  • Mucous cells will appear lightly stained with a flattened nucleus at the basal domain
  • Serous cells will have an acidophillic cytoplasm and contain a spherical nucleus
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17
Q

Sebaceous secretions

A

These cells begin to function at PUBERTY under the influence of sex hormones

  • All hair follicles have sebaceous glands attached to them
  • Sebaceous glands are also found independent of hair follicles
  • Have a clear cytoplasm and a centrally located, spherical nucleus
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18
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

In acne vulgaris…

  • The hair shaft has penetrated the hair follicle, eliciting an inflammatory and fibrotic response
  • You will see inflammatory cells, giant cells, and fibrosis
  • Collagen can be produced in the inflammatory state, which can cause fibrosis and disfiguration if the damage becomes extensive
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19
Q

What are the three modes of secretion again?

A
  1. Merocrine (most common)
  2. Holocrine (not common)
  3. Apocrine (not common)
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20
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Most common form of secretion

  • The secretory product is exocytosed into the lumen
  • There is NO loss of secretory product
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21
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Not a common form of secretion

  • The ENTIRE cell containing the secretory product will be lost during secretion
  • Mtosis will need to replace the cell
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22
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Not a common form of secretion

  • An example would be within the mammary gland
  • PART of the apical domain of the secretory cell is lost
23
Q

Mammary gland secretion

A

Lipids are secreted by apocrine cells in the mammary gland

  • Note that the mammary gland is actually a mixed gland
  • It also utilizes merocrine mode of secretion
24
Q

Classification by cell number

A

Cell number classifications:

  • The arrangement of cells and the structural classification of the glands helps to determine classification
  • The branching pattern of complex glands varies, separate classifications are given to different patterns
25
Q

Unicellular

A

Example: goblet cells

26
Q

Multicellular sheet

A

Example: lining of the stomach

27
Q

Simple tubular without duct

A

All cells lining tube are secretory (there aren’t separate cells that function within the duct, such as ductal cells)

28
Q

Simple tubular without duct

A

Have secretory cells and ductal cells

29
Q

Simple branched tubular

A

Common duct system with branched tubular secretory portions

30
Q

Simple coiled tubular

A

Duct system with coiled tubes

31
Q

Simple acinar or alveolar

A

Secretory units are acinar (they have a grape-like appearance)

32
Q

Branched tubular

A

Branched duct and tubular secretory units = compound tubular

33
Q

Branched acinar/alveolar

A

Branched ducts and acinar secretory units = comound acinar

34
Q

Branched tubulo-acinar

A

Branched ducts and a mix of tubular and acinar secretory units

35
Q

Simple ducts vs. compound ducts…

A
  • Simple = single duct
  • Compound = branched duct
  • Secretory units can be tubular or alveolar in morphology
  • Secretory units are branched, however there is either a single duct or no excretory duct present
36
Q

Describe a goblet cell…

A

Best example of a unicellular gland

  • Secretory products are found at the apical domain of goblet cells
  • The “machinery” for synthesizing the secretory product is found at the basal domain
  • The basal domain (AKA “stem”) has a narrow connection with the basal lamina
37
Q

What type of secretions do multicellular glandular sheets produce? Where are they found?

A

The type of secretion is MUCOUS

  • Tightly packed columnar mucous cells form a multicellular sheet
  • This type of secretion is found in the GI system (lumen of the stomach)
38
Q

How are large multicellular glands divided?

A

They are divided into lobes and lobules

  • Lobes are formed and further divided into lobules
  • Connective tissue separates lobes and lobules
39
Q

What are some examples of multicellular glands that are divided into lobes and lobules?

A

Examples:

  • Parotid gland
  • Submandibular gland
  • Pancreas
40
Q

Ducts between lobules

A

Branching ducts between lobules will be found within the connective tissue of the gland - called INTERlobule ducts

41
Q

Ducts within lobules

A

Ducts found within lobules of a secretory gland are called INTRAlobular ducts

42
Q

There are two types of ducts, what are they?

A
  1. Intercalated ducts
  2. Striated ducts
43
Q

Intercalated ducts

A

The smaller of the two duct types

  • Lined with flattened cuboidal cells
  • These ducts are wider than they are tall
44
Q

Striated ducts

A

The larger of the two duct types

  • The palisade arrangement of mitochondria in the basal area of the duct forms acidophilic striations
  • The nucleus is found at the apical domain of the duct
45
Q

This is an important diagram to understand…

A
46
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

These cells are derived from epithelium

  • You can tell they have epithelial lineage due to the presence of cytokeratin
  • Myoepithelial cells are usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the luminal cells
47
Q

Parotid gland

A

A compound acinar gland

  • There is a branching duct system in the parotid gland
  • Serous cells will be present
    • Serous glands secrete a fluid that contains enzymes such as alpha amylase
    • They are most common in the parotid gland and lacrimal gland but are also present in the submandibular gland and, to a far lesser extent, the sublingual gland
48
Q

Submandibular gland

A

A compound tubular gland (same as sublingual)

  • Mixed mucous cells and serous cells (same as sublingual)
  • The mucous cells will have a clear cytoplasm with a flat nucleus at the basal domain
  • Serous cells will be more acidophilic
  • Serous cells will be found more abundantly than mucous cells
    • Note that the sublingual gland is opposite here
49
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Also a compound tubuloacinar gland (same as submandibular)

  • Also contains a mix of mucous and serous cells (same as submandibular)
  • The mucous cells will be more abundant than the serous cells in the sublingual gland (opposite of submandibular)
50
Q

Serous demilune

A

Serous cells will form a crescent-shaped cap over mucous cells

  • This is referred to as the demilune (the cap part)
  • This is an artifact of conventional fixation during the preparation of the slide, meaning that it was not present during life
  • The serous demilune forms during fixation because part of the serous cell extends between mucous cells
  • When you use rapid freezing instead of conventional fixation, the serous demilune is not present
    • This demonstrates that the cap is only a product of conventional fixation
51
Q

Sjogren syndrome

A
  • Typically occurs in women between 50-60 years old
  • Symptoms are dry eyes and dry mouth
  • This is due to decreased salivary and lacrimal secretions
  • The salivary and lacrimal glands become infiltrated with T-cells and the glands become fibrotic
  • The parotid gland become enlarged in 50% of the cases
  • This is an autoimmune disease where antibodies are formed to ribonucleoproteins (SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La))
  • The duct system becomes hyperplastic (means an increase in the number of cells or a proliferation of cells)
52
Q

Pancreas

A

A compound acinar gland

  • The parotid gland is also a compound acinar gland, however…
    • The pancreas has centroacinar cells within the duct system and the parotid does not
    • The parotid has striated ducts and the pancreas does not
  • The secretory units of the pacreas are acinar
  • the duct system within the pancreas contains centroacinar cells
53
Q

what is the main difference between the pancreas and the parotid gland?

A
  • The pancreas does NOT have striated ducts, but rather a larger intralobular duct - this is the main difference between the pancreas and the parotid gland
  • Striated ducts are found in the parotid gland, but not the pancreas
  • Centroacinar cells are found in the pancreas, but not in the parotid gland
54
Q

Bartholin gland cyst

A

Bartholin gland cysts are caused by a duct obstruction within the bartholin gland

  • The bartholin gland is found within the external genetalia of a female
  • They are found at “4 o’clock and 8 o’clock” and are also known as greater vestibular glands
  • The bartholin glands function to secrete mucus
  • Also have endocrine function - secrete hormones (bombesin, serotonin, calcitonin, human chorionic gonadotropin)
  • Cyst can be drained for treatment

Cell Bio Exam 3 (8 decks)

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