2.2 Electrons, bonding and structure

Question 1

what are shells

Answer 1

groups of orbitals

Question 2

what are orbitals

Answer 2

clouds of negative charge where electrons are held

Question 3

how many electrons does each subshell hold

Answer 3

s = 2
p = 6
d = 10

Question 4

what is ionic bonding

Answer 4

.electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions
.between metal and nonmetal
.forms giant ionic lattices

Question 5

how to determine strength of ionic bonds

Answer 5

.ions with larger charge = greater attraction = stronger forces of attraction = stronger ionic bonds

.larger ions = greater ionic radius = weaker attraction due to forces having to act over larger distances

Question 6

ionic structure properties

Answer 6

.high mp/bp due to strong electrostatic forces
.conduct electricity when molten or aqueous as ions are separate and so can move and carry charge
.brittle

Question 7

what is a covalent bond

Answer 7

.electrostatic attraction between a shaired pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
.non-metals

Question 8

how to determine covalent bond strength

Answer 8

.shorter bonds = stronger as atoms are held closer so forces of attraction is greater
.double and triple bonds are shorter than single

Question 9

what is dative bonding

Answer 9

when the shaired pair of electrons come form one atom

Question 10

how much do lone pair reduce the angle

Answer 10

-2.5

Question 11

linear

Answer 11

2bp
0lp
180 angle

Question 12

bent

Answer 12

2bp
2lp
104.5 angle

Question 13

trigonal planar

Answer 13

3bp
0lp
120 angle

Question 14

pyramidal

Answer 14

3bp
1lp
107 angle

Question 15

tetrahedral

Answer 15

4bp
0lp
109.5 angle

Question 16

trigonal bipryamidal

Answer 16

5bp
0lp
180,120 angle

Question 17

octahedral

Answer 17

6bp
0lp
90 angle

Question 18

what is electronegativity

Answer 18

ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond to itself
.increase across and up

Question 19

what is a permanent dipole

Answer 19

.when two atoms with different electronegativities are bonded a polar bond forms

Question 20

what is a induced dipole

Answer 20

forms when the electron orbitals around a molecule are induced by the distributions of electrons on another paritcle

Question 21

what are van der waals forces

Answer 21

.weakest intermolecular force
.induced dipole-dipole intereaction between two temporary dipoles
.strength varies on the Mr = larger mr = stronger
.straight chains are stronger then branched as they are packed closer

Question 22

how to determine alkane strength with van der waals

Answer 22

.longer chain = stronger/more van der waals = higher bp
.branced chain = weaker van der waals = lower bp

Question 23

what are permanent dipole-dipole intereactions

Answer 23

.intermolecular force between two permanent dipole molecules
.stronger than induced dipole-dipole = higher bp/mp

Question 24

what is hydrogen bonding

Answer 24

.intermolecular force between hydrogen and N,O,F in one molecule and a lone pair of an N,O,F on another molecule
.strongest intermolecular force = higher bp/mp

Question 25

what forces do simple molecular have

Answer 25

.weak van der waals
.poor conductors due to no charged particles