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FB1 Endterm - Anatomy > 22 - Central Nervous System > Flashcards

22 - Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What organs does the central nervous system contain?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the directional terms unique to the CNS?

A
  • Rostral – toward the nose (anterior)
  • Caudal – toward the back (posterior)
  • Dorsal – superior
  • Ventral – inferior
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3
Q

What plane divides the brain into right and left sides?

A

Sagittal plane

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4
Q

Where does the brain lie?

A

Within the cranial cavity in the skull

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5
Q

Where is the spinal cord placed?

A

It continues from the brain and rests within the vertebral canal in the vertebral column

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6
Q

What structures protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

Bone, fluid, and meninges

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7
Q

What are meninges?

A

Three layers located between the bone and the soft tissues of the nervous system, protecting the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the largest part/divison of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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9
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

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10
Q

T or F: the diencephalon is not part of the cerebrum

A

True

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11
Q

The brain stem is continuous with what? And what does it consist of?

A

It is continuous with the spinal cord and consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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12
Q

Describe the position of the cerebellum relative to the brain stem?

A

The cerebellum is posterior to the brain stem

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13
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

Into two hemispheres, which are also divided into four lobes.

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14
Q

What connects the different divisions of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

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15
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum

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16
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain? Describe their positions

A
  1. Frontal lobe – located deep to the frontal bone of the skull
  2. Parietal lobe – located deep to the parietal bone of the skull
  3. Occipital lobe – located deep to the occipital bones of the skull
  4. Temporal lobes – located on the sides of the brain, deep to the temporal bones of the skull
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17
Q

What are the features of the cerebrum?

A

Gyri, sulci, and fissures

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18
Q

What are gyri?

A

Elevated ridges winding around the brain

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19
Q

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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20
Q

What are sulci?

A

Small groves dividing the gyri

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21
Q

What are fissures?

A

Deep grooves that generally divide large regions/lobes of the brain

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22
Q

What are the different fissures? Describe them

A
  1. Longitudinal fissure – divides the two cerebral hemispheres (along sagittal plane)
  2. Transverse fissure – separates cerebrum from cerebellum
  3. Sylvian/lateral fissure – divides temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
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23
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

Between the cerebral hemispheres and above brain stem

24
Q

Describe the positions of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

A
  • Thalamus: bulges into 3rd ventricle

* Hypothalamus: form the lower walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle

25
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

Between the cerebrum and pons below

26
Q

Describe the pons

A

Rounded bulge in front of the cerebellum

27
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata

28
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located?

A

It extends from the pons above and continues with the spinal cord below

29
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

Two hemispheres

30
Q

What separates the two hemispheres in the cerebellum?

A

A layer of dura mater

31
Q

What connects the two hemispheres in the cerebellum?

32
Q

What is vermis composed of?

A

White matter

33
Q

What surrounds the white matter in the cerebellum?

A

A thin cortex of gray matter

34
Q

Describe the elongation and the termination of the spinal cord

A

It begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata and terminates near the intervertebral disk that separates the first and second lumbar vertebrae in an adult

35
Q

What does the spinal cord contain?

A

Cervical and lumbar enlargements that serve as points of origin for nerves to the extremities

36
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord

A

Each structure has a hole through it, which line up to form the spinal canal. There is a large bundle of nerves that run through the spinal canal, called the spinal cord

37
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

38
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves do we have?

39
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves do we have?

40
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves do we have?

41
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves do we have?

42
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves do we have?

43
Q

What are the paths of communication between the spinal cord and the rest of the body?

A

Spinal nerves

44
Q

How many cervical bones do we have?

A

7, but one spinal nerve goes above the first bone, so we have a total of 8 cervical nerves

45
Q

What do we call the nerves after L2?

A

Horsetail nerves – cauda equina

46
Q

What clefts partially separate left and right halves of the spinal cord?

A
  • Anterior median fissure

* Posterior median sulcus

47
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia, nonmyelinated axons

48
Q

What is gray matter divided into? Explain

A

3 Horns:

  1. Posterior (dorsal) horn
  2. Anterior (ventral) horn
  3. Lateral horn
49
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

50
Q

What is white matter divided into?

A 
3 Columns/funiculi:
1.	Ventral
2.	Dorsal
3.	Lateral
Each of which is divided into sensory or motor tracts
51
Q

What set of structures protect the CNS?

A
  • Cranium and spinal cord vertebrae
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Blood brain barrier
52
Q

Describe the layers of the meninges

A
  • Outermost layer: dura mater
  • Middle layer: arachnoid
  • Innermost meninx: pia mater
53
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

A thin, transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain

54
Q

What separates the dura and the arachnoid?

A

Subdural space

55
Q

What separates the arachnoid and the pia?

A

Subarachnoid space

56
Q

Which space contains cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space

57
Q

What part of the meninges is attached to the brain or spinal cord?

FB1 Endterm - Anatomy (2 decks)

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