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BRS 1a > 2.2 Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

2.2 Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS and what does it consist of?

A

Central Nervous System

Consists of:

  • cerebral hemispheres
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
  • spinal cord
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2
Q

What is the PNS and what does it consist of?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

Consists of:
- nerve fibres originating from the CNS

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3
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A

The cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What are gyri?

A

ridges on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

What are sulci?

A

valleys on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
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7
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

responsible for executive functions such as personality

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8
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

contains the somatic sensory cortex responsible for processing tactile information

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9
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Contains important structures such as the hippocampus (short term memory), the amygdala (behaviour) and Wernicke’s area (auditory perception & speech)

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10
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing of visual information

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11
Q

What does the brainstem consist of (in descending order)?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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12
Q

What is the role of the brainstem?

A

multitude of important functions (e.g. control of respiration & heart rate) and are the target or the source of all cranial nerves

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13
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

the dorsal region of the CNS, and attached to the brainstem

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14
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

motor coordination, balance, and posture

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15
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

acts as a conduit for neural transmission but can coordinate some reflex actions

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16
Q

What is a mature neuron?

A

A non-dividing excitable cell whose main function is to receive and transmit information in the form of electrical signals.

17
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in the brain?

A

Astrocytes

18
Q

What is the role of astrocytes in the brain?

A

Main function is as structural cells.

Play an important role in cell repair, synapse formation, neuronal maturation, and plasticity.

19
Q

What are the four morphologies of neurons?

A
  1. Unipolar - single axonal projection
  2. Pseudo-unipolar - single axonal projection that divides into two
  3. Bipolar - two axonal projections from cell body
  4. Multipolar - numerous projections from cell body
20
Q

What are three examples of multipolar neurones?

A
  1. Pyramidal cells - pyramid-shaped cell body with three axonal projections
  2. Purkinje cells - GABA neurons found in the cerebellum
  3. Golgi cells - GABA neurons found in the cerebellum
21
Q

What is the role of neurons?

A

Excitable cells of the CNS

Responsible for electrical transmission

22
Q

What are three important features of neurons?

A
  1. Heterogeneous morphology
  2. Non-diving cells
  3. Have common features (soma, axons, dendrites)
23
Q

What is the soma?

A

Cell body (perikaryon) of the neuron.

  • contains nucleus & ribosomes
  • neurofilaments -> structure & transport
24
Q

What is the axon?

A
  • long process (aka nerve fibre), originates from axon at hillock
  • can branch off into collaterals
  • usually covered in myelin
25
Q

What are dendrites?

A
  • highly branched cell body - NOT covered in myelin

- receive signals from other neurons

26
Q

What are the differences between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes are the myelin producing cells of the CNS
Schwann cells are the myelin producing cells of the PNS
Each oligodendrocyte is capable of meylinating a number of axons
Each Schwann cell only myelinates a single axonal segment

27
Q

What are microglia?

A

specialised cells that perform immune functions (i.e like neronal macrophages)

28
Q

What are ependyma?

A

Epithelial cells that line the fluid filled ventricles regulating production and movement of cerebrospinal fluid

29
Q

What are the 4 major physiological ions?

A

potassium (K+)
sodium (Na+)
chloride (Cl-)
calcium (Ca2+)

30
Q

Why is there an ionic imbalance between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

unequal distribution of major physiological ions

31
Q

How do ions cross the cell membrane?

A

transportation by channels and pumps

cell memebranes impermeable to these ions

32
Q

Neuronal cells have a …. charge inside compared to the outside

A

negative

33
Q

What is the average RMP of a neuronal cell?

A

-40 to -90mV

BRS 1a (1 decks)

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