2.2 biomed

Question 1

MRI

Answer 1

A medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take pictures of the soft tissues of the body.

Question 2

Eukaryotic

Answer 2

Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles.

Question 3

Somatic cells

Answer 3

Any cell in the human body that is not a sex cell (egg or sperm).

Question 4

Mitosis

Answer 4

A process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell. Mitosis involves the doubling and separation of genetic material and results in the formation of two new nuclei, which each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). DNA is double-stranded and helical and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Question 6

Chromosomes

Answer 6

Tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells.

Question 7

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 7

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, having similar gene composition, size, and structure.

Question 8

Chromatids

Answer 8

One half of a chromosome.

Question 9

Centromere

Answer 9

The centralized region joining two sister chromatids.

Question 10

Tumors

Answer 10

A lump or mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell division; categorized as benign or malignant.

Question 11

Cancer

Answer 11

A disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues.

Question 12

Benign

Answer 12

A tumor that is not cancerous; benign tumors are generally considered harmless.

Question 13

Malignant

Answer 13

A cancerous tumor which will grow and spread to invade other tissues or parts of the body.

Question 14

Metastasis

Answer 14

The spread of cancerous cells to other tissues or parts of the body.

Question 15

Gene

Answer 15

A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype.

Question 16

Mutation

Answer 16

A rare change in genetic material, which ultimately creates genetic diversity within a species.

Question 17

Proteins

Answer 17

A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers. A protein’s form and function are determined by a cell’s nucleic acid sequence.

Question 18

Protein synthesis

Answer 18

The creation of a protein from a DNA template.

Question 19

Nucleotides

Answer 19

A building block of DNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Question 20

RNA

Answer 20

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). RNA is usually single stranded and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Question 21

Messenger RNA

Answer 21

A type of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins.

Question 22

Transcribed

Answer 22

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

Question 23

Translated

Answer 23

The synthesis of protein using the genetic information encoded in mRNA.

Question 24

Substitutions

Answer 24

One DNA base is exchanged for another, such as switching an A to a G

Question 25

Insertion

Answer 25

One DNA base is inserted into a gene sequence

Question 26

Deletions

Answer 26

One DNA base is deleted from a gene sequence

Question 27

Genome

Answer 27

A complete set of the genes in one organism.

Question 28

Prognosis

Answer 28

The likely course a disease will take over an individual’s lifetime.

Question 29

Genotype

Answer 29

All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group.

Question 30

Phenotype

Answer 30

The physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by the organism’s genetic makeup.

Question 31

Alleles

Answer 31

Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at the same place on a chromosome, for example, the genes responsible for blood type that are found on chromosome 9.

Question 32

Dominant

Answer 32

A genetic trait is considered dominant if the associated phenotype is seen in an individual who has only one copy of the gene associated with the trait.

Question 33

Recessive

Answer 33

A trait that is evident only when an organism inherits two copies of a recessive allele for a specific gene.

Question 34

Homozygous

Answer 34

Having two identical alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes.

Question 35

Heterozygous

Answer 35

Having two different alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes.

Question 36

Gamete

Answer 36

mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Question 37

Pedigree

Answer 37

A diagram that shows the occurrence of phenotypes through several generations of genetically related individuals. Symbols are used to represent each individual.

Question 38

Autosomes

Answer 38

A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex (such as chromosomes 1–22), as opposed to the sex chromosomes X and Y.

Question 39

Sex chromosomes

Answer 39

One of the pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual. The sex chromosomes are X and Y.

Question 40

Punnett Squares

Answer 40

A simple, graphical way to discover all potential combinations of an offspring’s genotypes, given the parents’ genotypes.

Question 41

Karyotype

Answer 41

A image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.