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Higher Human Biology Unit 2 🌀 > 2.2 Biological Control Of Fertility > Flashcards

2.2 Biological Control Of Fertility Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors can affect fertility?

A

Weight, stress, disease and pollutants (e.g. Cigarette smoke)

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2
Q

What are the two types of fertility?

A

Continuous fertility and cyclical fertility

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3
Q

Why do men have continuous fertility

A

Men have potential to become a father from onset of puberty due to the negative feedback control of testosterone

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4
Q

Describe the negative feedback effect of testosterone

A

It maintains a constant level of the pituitary hormones FSH & ICSH in the bloodstream, resulting in the steady release of testosterone

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5
Q

Why is fertility in women described as cyclical

A

Women produce eggs from puberty onwards until menopause. Menopause is when ova are no longer released from the ovaries and menstruation no longer occurs.

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6
Q

What age does menopause occur from

A

45-55

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7
Q

When can a woman fall pregnant

A

A few limited days either side of ovulation

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8
Q

How long does the fertility period in women last for

A

1-2 days

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9
Q

What indicators in the rhythm method are used when calculating a woman’s fertile period

A

Body temperature rise of 0.5’C and a change in the consistency of the cervical mucus

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10
Q

What is the state of the cervical mucus when a woman is infertile

A

Thick and sticky

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11
Q

What is the state of the cervical mucus when a woman is fertile and why

A

The mucus is thinner, slippery and stretchy which allows easy access for the sperm to the female reproductive system

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12
Q

Why causes the cervical mucus to become thinner, slippery and stretchy when a woman is fertile

A

The increasing oestrogen levels in the follicular phase

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13
Q

What advances have helped treatment of infertility

A

Modern medicine advances

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14
Q

What treatments are there for infertility

A

Stimulating ovulation, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intra cytoplasmic spent injection

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15
Q

What drugs are given to help stimulate ovulation

A

Drugs that mimic the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion. Drugs that mimic the normal action of FSH & LH

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16
Q

What can the drugs used for ovulation stimulation cause

A

Can cause ‘super ovulation’ resulting in multiple births or be used to collect ova for IVF

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17
Q

What is artificial insemination

A

The insertion of semen into the female reproductive tract by means other then sexual intercourse

18
Q

What are the two situations of artificial insemination

A

Low sperm count - several samples of semen collected over a period of time and each preserved by freezing. Then they are defrosted and released together into the female reproductive tract at the fertile time. Donor sperm required - If a male is sterile then semen samples may be obtained from a donor

19
Q

What is IVF

A

The solution to infertility in which it enables fertilisation to occur outside the body in a culture dish.

20
Q

What can IVF be used in conjunction with and why

A

PGD - to identify any known single gene disorders or chromosomal abnormalities

21
Q

Outline stage one of IVF

A

Woman is given hormonal treatment to stimulate multiple ovulation

22
Q

Outline stage two of IVF

A

Surgical procedure to remove several ova from around the ovary using equipment similar to a syringe

23
Q

Outline stage three of IVF

A

The eggs are mixed with sperm I’m a culture dish of nutrient medium to allow fertilisation to occur. Alternatively sperm would be injected into an egg at this point

24
Q

Outline stage four of IVF

A

The fertilised eggs are incubated in the nutrient medium for 2-3 days to allow cell division to occur and form embryos each composed of 8 cells or more.

25
Q

Outline stage five and six of IVF

A

Two or three of the embryos are chosen and then inserted into the uterus via the caging. The remaining embryos are then frozen and preserved incase required for second implantation

26
Q

When does PGD occur

A

Before the embryo is inserted into the females uterus a sample of cells is collected from the embryo to test for known chromosomal abnormalities or gene defects

27
Q

What are the ethical issues of PGD

A

It can offer some couples reassurance but some people think it is morally wrong to be selective in the process of conception

28
Q

What are the long term effects of IVF on the mother

A

Women can suffer hyperstimulation of the ovaries. Too many eggs can be produced causing the ovaries to become swollen and sore. Women may have increased risk of uterine cancer

29
Q

What are the long term effects of IVF on the children

A

Children conceived of IVF may have a lower body mass at birth. Children with low body mass are more like to suffer obesity, diabetes, heart conditions and hypertension later in life.

30
Q

What is intra cytoplasmic sperm injection

A

The insertion of one sperm directly into an egg cell.

31
Q

What is done to the sperm in ICSI

A

The sperm is immobilised by having its tail removed.

32
Q

Describe the process of ICSI

A

The head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into an egg cell to achieve fertilisation.

33
Q

Why is ICSI commonly used

A

If sperm is defective or very low in number

34
Q

Define contraception

A

The intentional prevention of conception or pregnancy by natural or artificial means

35
Q

What is a natural contraception

A

Family planning - using the rhythm method to identify a woman’s fertile period then abstaining from sexual intercourse at that period of time

36
Q

What are the two types of artificially contraception

A

Physical (barriers) and chemical

37
Q

What is a physical method of contraception

A

Sterilisation as it blocks the ability of the sperm to access the egg. Vasectomy in men - cutting and tying of the sperm ducts. Tubal ligation in women - cutting and tying of the oviducts.

38
Q

What are chemical contraceptives based on

A

Combinations of synthetic hormones that mimic negative feedback preventing the release of FSH/LH

39
Q

What the the two types of contraceptive pill

A

Progesterone only pill and the morning after pill

40
Q

Explain the progesterone only pill

A

Contains only synthetic progesterone and they cause the thickening of the cervical mucus which reduces the viability of the sperm and their access to the egg.

41
Q

Describe the morning after pill

A

This is an emergency hormonal contraception pill. They contain higher doses of progesterone and oestrogen and prevent implantation from occurring by causing the endometrium to shed. Taken immediately after unprotected sexual intercourse and are effective up to 72 hours

Higher Human Biology Unit 2 🌀 (3 decks)

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