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PSIO 201 Skeletal System > 2.2 Articulations > Flashcards

2.2 Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Joints (articulations)

A

-point of contact between: *bones
*bones and cartilage
*bones and teeth
-can involve bony surface+ tendons + ligaments + cartilage + muscles + accessory structures

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2
Q

Joints (articulations) major functions

A
  • skeletal mobility
  • structural support
  • protection
    *greater mobility = less stability
  • lesser mobility = greater stability
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3
Q

classification of joints

A
  • based on function:
    *synarthrosis (immovable)
    *amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
    *diarthrosis (freely movable)
  • based on structure:
    *fibrous
    *cartilaginous
    *synovial
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4
Q

functional classification

A
  • Synarthroses: immovable joints
    ex: cranial sutures
  • Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
    ex: pubic symphysis
  • Diarthroses: freely movable joints
    ex: most appendicular joints
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5
Q

fibrous

A

(immovable)
- joined by fibrous tissue (dense fibrous connective tissue)
- no joint cavity present

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6
Q

cartilaginous

A

(immovable or slight movable)
- joined by cartilage tissue
- no joint cavity present

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7
Q

synovial

A

(freely movable)
- most common type
- bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

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8
Q

syndesmosis

A

fibrous joint
- connection via ligaments
- little movement
ex: tibia/fibula

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8
Q

suture

A

fibrous joint
- seam of connective tissue that interlocks bone
- immovable
ex: cranial structure

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9
Q

gomphosis

A

fibrous joint
- peg-in socket joint
- immovable
ex: tooth & jaw

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10
Q

synchondrosis

A

cartilaginous joints
- hyaline cartilage connects bone
- immovable joints

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11
Q

symphysis

A

cartilaginous joints
- fibrocartilage connects bone
- shock absorption + limited range of motion

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12
Q

synovial joints

A
  • bone separated by fluid-filled joint capsule
  • freely movable joint
  • most joints of the body
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13
Q

articular cartilage

A

synovial joints
- layer hyaline cartilage
- reduce shock, friction

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14
Q

joint cavity

A

synovial joints
- filled with accessory structures and small amount of synovial fluid

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15
Q

joint capsule

A
  • fibrous capsule - dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the periosteum
  • synovial membrane - loose connective tissue
    *covers everything not covered by articular cartilage
    *makes synovial fluid
16
Q

synovial fluid

A
  • fills open space within the joint (typically <3 mL)
  • lubricates articular cartilages to reduce friction, absorbs shock, carries nutrients via diffusion to chondrocytes
  • largely made of hyaluronic acid and lubricin (polysaccharide)
17
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A
  • support, strength, reinforce
  • can be inside (intracapsular) or outside (extracapsular) the joint capsule
  • most common = thickened portion of fibrous layer of articular capsule
18
Q

nerves and blood vessels

A
  • sense movement at joints
  • rich blood vessel supply to synovial membrane
19
Q

fat pads

A

synovial joints - accessory structure:
- packing material at periphery, fill space as bone move

20
Q

articular discs

A

synovial joints - accessory structure:
- pads of fibrous cartilage
- AKA meniscus

21
Q

tendons

A

synovial joints - accessory structure:
- pass through or around joint

22
Q

bursae

A

synovial joints - accessory structure:
- bags of synovial fluid
- reduce friction and absorb shock
- common where tendons, ligaments, muscles, skin, or bones typically rub

23
Q

articular surface

A

synovial joints - stabilizing factors
- shapes dictates possible movement at joint
ex: hip vs. shoulder joints

24
Q

ligaments

A

synovial joints - stabilizing factors
- capsules & ligaments restrict range of motion
- more ligaments –> stronger joint
- work with other structures for stability

25
Q

muscle tone

A
  • constant, low level of skeletal muscle contraction –> taught tendons –> more stable joint
  • stronger muscles around joint –> greater tone –> greater stability
26
Q

synovial joint type

A
  • ball & socket
  • pivot
  • hinge
  • plane
  • condylar
  • saddle
27
Q

articulation example

A
  • direct relationship between structure and function
    ex: shoulder, hip, knee
28
Q

synovial joints - shoulder

A
  • ball & socket joints
    ball = head of the humerus
    socket = glenoid cavity of the scapula
  • greatest range of motion of any joint in the body
    ex: *bones (humerus & scapula)
    *ligaments (coracohumeral)
    *cartilage ( glenoid labrum)
    *muscle + tendons (rotator cuff)
    *bursae (subdeltoid)
29
Q

synovial joints - hip

A
  • ball & socket joint:
    ball = head of femur
    socket = acetabulum of the os coxae
  • deeper socket = lesser range of motion than the shoulder = greater stability
    ex: *bone (femur & os coxae)
    *ligaments (iliofemoral)
    *cartilage (labrum)
    *bursae (greater trochanteric)
    *muscles (gluteal group)
30
Q

subluxation

A
  • partial dislocation of the joint
    —> little tissue damage
  • head of femur comes completely away from acetabulum->dislocation
31
Q

synovial joints - knee

A
  • supports body weight (and greater)
  • hinge joint + slight rotation when flexed:
    *tibia + femur
    *fibula + femur
    ex: *bone (femur, fibula, tibia)
    *cartilage (lateral meniscus)
    *bursae
    *fat pads
    *ligaments
  • muscles (quadriceps & hamstrings groups)
32
Q

cartilage tears

A

break in continually of cartilage
ex: meniscus

33
Q

sprains

A

stretching or tearing of tendons/ligaments
ex: ankle

34
Q

dislocations

A

bones at joint are forced out of alignment
ex: shoulder

35
Q

bursitis/tendonitis

A

inflammatory/ degenerative diseases that affect joints

36
Q

arthritis

A

collection of inflammatory / degenerative diseases that affect joints

PSIO 201 Skeletal System (3 decks)

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